scholarly journals Privacy, Governance and Public Acceptability in Population Data Linkage for Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M O’Keefe
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Shared Governance ◽  
Data Linkage ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Data Centres

ABSTRACT IntroductionFor several years, Population Data Linkage initiatives around the world have been successfully linking population‐based administrative and other datasets and making extracts available for research under strong confidentiality protections1. This paper provides an overview of current approaches in a range of scenarios, then outlines current relevant trends and potential implications for population data linkage initiatives.MethodsApproaches to protecting the confidentiality of data in research can also reduce the statistical usefulness, and the trade‐off between confidentiality protection and statistical usefulness is often represented as a Risk‐Utility map [2, 3, 5, 7]. Positioning the range of current approaches on such a Risk‐Utility map can indicate the relative nature of the trade‐off in each case.Such a Risk‐Utility map is only part of the story, however. Each approach needs to be implemented with appropriate levels of governance, information technology security, and ethical oversight. In addition, there are several changes in the external environment that have potential implications for population data linkage initiatives.Results and DiscussionCurrent approaches to protecting the confidentiality of data in research fall into one of two classes. The first class comprises approaches that anonymise the data before analysis, namely: Removal of identifying information such as names and addresses Secure data centres on‐site at the custodian premises Public use files made widely available Synthetic data files made widely available Open data files published on the internet The second class comprises approaches that anonymise the analysis outputs, namely: Virtual data centres that are on‐line versions of secure data centres [8] Remote analysis centres where users can request analyses but cannot see data. Many such initiatives implicitly or explicitly use criteria that have been recently captured in the Five Safes model [3]. However, changes in the external environment may add potential implications to address [6].First, there is a rapid increase in scenarios for data use, many of which involve multiple datasets from multiple sources with multiple custodians. This raises the question of whether there should be centralised data integration versus a proliferation of ad‐hoc decentralised but inter‐related initiatives. In any case, harmonised and shared governance will be essential. Next, the public are becoming increasingly informed and are increasingly exercising their privacy preferences in selecting between competing service providers. It is likely that the public will demand that initiatives move beyond education gain acceptance to a model of full partnership.ConclusionsWhile Population Data Linkage initiatives have been successful to date, changes in the external environment have potential implications such as a need for harmonised and shared governance, as well as full partnership with the public. Meeting the future challenges will require sophistication in the selection, design and operation of approaches to protecting the confidentiality of data in research. Useful frameworks in this context include [1, 4]. Importantly, it is necessary to have a range of approaches in order to adequately meet the needs of a range of different scenarios.AcknowledgementsThis work was partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation. The author thanks the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, for support and hospitality during the programme Data Linkage and Anonymisation, which was supported by EPSRC grant no EP/K032208/1. 1For a list of administrative data linkage centres around the world, see www.ipdln.org/data‐linkage‐centres Key References[1] Desai T, Felix Ritchie F, Welpton R. Five safes: designing data access for research. Preprint 2016.[2] Duncan G, Elliot M, Salazar‐Gonzàlez JJ. Statistical Confidentiality. Springer: New York, 2011.[3] El Emam K. A Guide to the De‐identification of Health Information. CRC Press: New York, NY, 2013.[4] Elliot M, Mackey E, O’Hara K, Tudor C. The Anonymisation Decision‐Making Framework. http://ukanon.net/wp‐content/uploads/2015/05/The‐Anonymisation‐Decision‐making‐Framework.pdf[5] Hundepool A, Domingo‐Ferrer J, Franconi L, Giessing S, Nordholt E, Spicer K, deWolf PP. Statistical Disclosure Control, Wiley Series in Survey Methodology. John Wiley & Sons: United Kingdom, 2012.[6] O’Keefe CM, Gould P, Chipperfield JO. A Five Safes perspective on administrative data integration initiatives, submitted.[7] O'Keefe CM and Rubin DB. Individual Privacy versus Public Good: Protecting Confidentiality in Health Research, Statistics in Medicine 34 (2015), 3081‐3103. DOI: 10.1002/sim.6543[8] O’Keefe CM, Westcott M, O’Sullivan M, Ickowicz A, Churches T. Anonymization for outputs of population health and health services research conducted via an online data centre, JAMIA in press.

A Sustainable Approach for Organisational using Strategic Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulla Almazrouei ◽  
◽  
Azlina Md Yassin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World

Strategic management have gained popularity in the public institutions to foster good delivery service to the public. The strategic planning enables organizations to establish a strategic match between the internal competency, resources and external environment. Majority of the successful organizations across the world use strategic management and planning as a tool that enables to optimize the operations and achieve maximum productivity with the resources. This paper reviewed on strategic management for organisations in Abu Dhabi especially for Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) force. It presents three strategic management theories which can be adopted by an organisation. This would help the organisation such as police department to reduce the increasing crime rate and mortality rate in UAE.

scholarly journals Hannah Arendt's Eichmann Controversy as Destabilizing Transatlantic Text

AJS Review ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Adam J. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Public Intellectuals ◽  
Pivot Point ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Judaic Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Turning Point

The controversy surrounding Hannah Arendt's reportage on the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem and the subsequent book cannot be underestimated. For Arendt personally, the trial was the decisive event in the second half of her life and amounted to nothing less than a second exile. On the world stage, it marked not only a critical turning point in international consciousness of the Holocaust, but also both initiated and reflected a critical shift in intra-Jewish representations and expression. Arendt's book could in fact be considered as a master text for Judaic studies in the second half of the twentieth century. To mention two of many possible consequences, the controversy may be seen as a pivot point from which the culture of the public intellectuals of New York argued itself out of the spotlight, as well as a primary catalyst for two of the most significant works on the Holocaust penned by women: Lucy Davidowicz'sThe War against the Jews(1975) and Leni Yahil'sThe Holocaust(1987).

Private Networks and the Public Interest

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James Bytheway ◽  
Mark Metzler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World City ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Hierarchical Nature

This concluding chapter examines the hierarchical nature of the markets in capital, which constitute the peak markets of the world capitalist system. It also reconsiders the central-bank connections between Tokyo, London, and New York as vital inner links within a larger set of world-city geographies. In a century of violent changes, these “capital city” geographies have been remarkably persistent. The great Tokyo bubble of 1989–90 was the greatest yet of its kind, but it now seems relatively modest next to the New York and London bubbles of 2007–8. Each of these “capital city” bubbles showed a mix of classic and novel features. Each also revealed, again, the centrality of the central banks themselves.

The Brief History of the New-York Coffeehouse Company Limited

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Sára Czina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

At the turn of the 20th century, Budapest was famous for its Coffeehouse Culture. One of the most popular Café was the New-York Coffeehouse; today, it is remembered for its literary life. After 20 years of operation, in 1913, new people bought the tenant’s rights and established the first Coffeehouse joint-stock company in Hungary, called New-York coffeehouse Company Limited. This paper aims to analyze the operation of the Company in relation to the stock transfers, analysis of its profitability, and the changes in the transformations in the shares. The main goal was to figure out how the profitability and the stock transfers were connected to the contemporary social and economic circumstances. The years of the World Wars, Revolutions, the Great Depression, and the cultural/social life of the twenties had their deep effects on the life of the Company. The changes were perceptible for the public, too. Many articles were published about the hardships of the Company and the changing atmosphere of the Coffeehouse. These were different; not all of them damaged the interest of the Company Limited equally. Still, the difficulties influenced the stock transfers, profitability, and the everyday life of the Managers and Shareholders. These circumstances are parallel to the changes of the Company.

Outside the World of Tomorrow

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011-1027
Author(s):  
Daniel Hart London
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Federation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Workplace Rights

This paper analyzes the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair as a conflicted site of public-sphere formation, and the repercussions of these conflicts on organized labor in New York. Conceived within the liberal administration of Mayor La Guardia and dedicated to the principles of social cooperation, this “closed-shop exposition” granted American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions an unprecedented degree of workplace benefits and rhetorical support by the Fair administration. This was undermined, however, by the trade unions’ limited public activities within the fair itself and their refusal of city offers to establish outreach and educational programs through events, rallies, and pavilions. As a result, the public space and discourse of a fair nominally devoted to social interdependence was appropriated by a variety of other interests, particularly those of corporate America. This marginalization would ultimately contribute to delegitimization, as allegations of graft and racketeering by visitors, exhibitors, and the national media framed labor as a direct threat to the “World of Tomorrow” and its visitors. Millions of Americans found their visits marred by exorbitantly inflated prices, delayed by strikes, and disappointed by cancelled exhibits. In the face of outside pressure, and with labor groups unable to address hostile critiques within the fair itself, the exposition administration withdrew its public support for unions while dramatically restricting their workplace rights. In this way, the “business-union” principles of the AFL not only undermined their legitimacy in the eyes of the public, despite the efforts of liberal municipal officials to promote them, but ultimately served to undo those very workplace gains such principles were meant to secure.

Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-410
Author(s):  
E. S. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High

This paper was first published in 1960 (Vol. 13, p. 127). It is followed by comments from John Kemp. The paper has been abridged, including the omission of section 5 which described a proposal for a new radar display.When the problem of collision in the air is discussed, it is usual to start by pointing out the enormous closing speed of two modern aircraft meeting head-on, and to conclude from this that avoidance on the ‘see and be seen’ principle has ceased to be possible. The fact is, however, that the great majority of mid-air collisions (about 85 percent) occur within five miles of an airport and the typical case is not the head-on one, but the case in which the two aircraft crab into one another from a direction which may be anywhere around the whole enclosing sphere. Since the field of view of the aircrew covers only about 20 percent of the enclosing sphere, the aircrew of colliding aircraft seldom see each other. It would seem, therefore, that the ‘see and be seen’ principle never did afford much protection, even when speeds were low. In other words, the fact that the number of mid-air collisions in Europe has hitherto been small is not primarily due to seeing and evading, although this sometimes happens, but to the fact that the airspace is very large compared to the volume of all the aircraft in it at any given time. However, as traffic densities go up, the risk rapidly increases, and in congested airspace, such as that around New York, the problem of avoiding collision has already become acute. In the period 1948–57, there were 159 mid-air collisions in the United States, and many of these made headlines in the world press. One can imagine the public outcry if two large transports were to collide over a housing estate; but unless something effective is done, something like this will presumably happen eventually. At very high altitudes the ‘see and be seen’ principle certainly fails, by day, because the speed will be high, and in addition, the range at which a pilot can see an object the size of an aircraft may be less than 1½ miles due to what is sometimes called ‘high-altitude myopia’.

THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Operations

I WAS among 5 from the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health and 1 from the Medical School who left for Iran early in 1951 and 1952 and, as the Seattle Times reported after my return— "Halfway Around the World from Puget Sound, a handful of `Shirt-Sleeve Diplomats' from Seattle have been fighting communists for the past 2 years by killing mosquitoes. "The first phases of their program have worked so well that in one Iranian city the undertaker complained that he had too little business and demanded a salary from the public treasury. He got it too!" The Director of the Foreign Operations Administration's Mission in Iran, Mr. William E. Warne, in an interview with the New York Times last spring credited the public health program in Iran as the greatest single factor in keeping Iran on this side of the Iron Curtain. The Seattle group were among 37 American public health specialists, most of them commissioned as officers in the U.S. Public Health Service, employed in the Point IV program, now a part of the Foreign Operations Administration, in Iran, a country almost as large as all of the United States east of the Mississippi River. The World Health Organization was in Iran too. When we arrived, WHO had a malaria control advisory unit of 3 technicians:

Staging Integration

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-71
Author(s):  
Rebekah J. Kowal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
York City ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Educational Outreach ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Between 1943 and 1952, the American Museum of Natural History sponsored a dance program called Around the World with Dance and Song. Chapter 1 focuses on the history of this program as evidence of the museum’s efforts to stage globalism. Drawing on extensive archival materials, the chapter documents the role of director Hazel Lockwood Muller to develop the program as part of the museum’s larger educational outreach activities. The chapter details how over the course of its history the program met growing cultural expectations that public institutions such as museums serve the public good. Serving in this capacity, the museum become a de facto concert dance venue, elevating the profile of international dance performance in New York City and for the nation and heightening a globalist consciousness among its audiences. Even so, the museum’s performances and the challenges the museum faced in sustaining them manifested the difficulties of putting globalism into practice. While the program was successful in elevating values of ethnic self-definition in embodied dance practices, it promoted an ideology of cultural integrationism that maintained dominant universalist assumptions about Western cultural superiority.

A Long Wait for a Train

Last Subway ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Philip Mark Plotch
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Subway Stations ◽  
Comprehensive Plans

This introductory chapter provides an overview of New York's near-mythical subway under Second Avenue. Since the 1930s, the line has symbolized New York's inability to modernize its infrastructure and accommodate its residents. While the number of people living and working in New York City has grown, its rapid transit system of underground and elevated rail lines has shrunk. Moreover, while politicians have repeatedly promised a Second Avenue subway to help advance their own careers, they have failed to acknowledge the enormous challenges involved in paying for it. Nevertheless, the first three of sixteen planned Second Avenue subway stations opened to the public on New Year's Day in 2017. On a per-mile basis, the completed section of the Second Avenue subway was the most expensive subway extension ever built anywhere in the world. Given its limited resources, New York has to make tough decisions about prioritizing subway improvements. Ultimately, the Second Avenue subway story reveals how rebuilding and expanding the subway requires visionary leaders. Transportation officials must develop comprehensive plans, civic and business leaders need to generate public support, and elected officials must champion improvements and secure resources.

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