scholarly journals Studies on Postnatal Development of Testis of Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
S. Rajathi ◽  
◽  
Geetha Ramesh ◽  
T. A. Kannan ◽  
K. Raja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Left Testis

The histology and histochemistry of the testis of guinea pig of various postnatal age groups was conducted. A total of 24 guinea pigs of four different postnatal ages with six male animals each were collected from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai as per the Ethical committee approval. After collection, animals were euthanized as per CPCSEA norms and testis was dissected out and was cut into small pieces, fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections of 4–5 µm thickness were cut and used for the routine and special histological and histochemical staining techniques. Testes wereencapsulated by tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. Septa from the capsule divided the testicular parenchyma into lobules. Each lobule consisted of seminiferous tubules which consisted of spermatogenic cells in stratified layers and sertoli cells. Pre-weaning and weaning group of guinea pigs seminiferous tubules showed wide lumen with only type 1 and type 2 spermatogonia and sertoli cells. Young and adult animals seminiferous tubules showed narrow lumen with type 1 and type 2 spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes in various stages of differentiation, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids (early and late) and sertoli cells. Sertoli cells were large oval shaped cells with lightly stained irregular shaped nucleus. Interstitial tissue contained leydig cells in all ages.Leydig cells appeared as varied in shape. In all the age groups studied, PAS activity was noticed in the capsule and basement membrane. The micrometrical parameters increased as age advanced in both right and left testis.

scholarly journals Histomorphology and histochemistry of testis of indigenous bull (Bos indicus) of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Gofur ◽  
MZI Khan ◽  
MR Karim ◽  
MN Islam
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Histomorphological and histochemical features of testes were studied in six adult indigenous bulls (Bos indicus) of two different age groups, 1 year 9 months to 2 years of age (group A) and 2 years 3 months to 2 years 6 months of age (group B) during the period from September 2006 to April 2007 by using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain, Verhoeff's stain, Van Gieson's stain and Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS) stain. The testes were surrounded by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis (consisted of mesothelium and connective tissue) and tunica albugenia mainly composed of collagen fibers. The seminiferous tubules were tortuous, two ended loops and varying in appearance and the wall of tubules consisted of lamina propria, basement membrane supported by reticular fibers and a lining of complex stratified epithelium consisted of sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. The sertoli cells are irregulary columnar cells, extended from basal lamina to lumen of tubules and the spermatogenic cells situated between the sertoli cells in an orderly manner with four to eight layers occupying the space between the basal lamina and the lumen of the tubules. There was presence of both spermatid and spermatozoa in the lumen of some seminiferous tubules of testes of bulls of both age groups. The spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes showed more staining affinity than the spermatid in routine staining technique. The basement membrane of tubules, spermatid and spermatozoa showed positive affinity whereas spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes showed negative affinity to PAS stain. The interstitial tissues located between the sminiferous tubules, consisted of connective tissue network, mainly composed of collagenous and reticular fibers; blood and lymph vessels with Leydig cells. The Leydig cells were present as single or groups within intertubular spaces. It was concluded that the thickness of tunica albuginea, the stratification of growing spermatogenic cells and cross sectional length and breadth of the seminiferous tubules of testes were higher in the bull of group B than group A and the number of Leydig cells were more in the testis of group A than group B and in between left and right testes, the thickness of tunica albuginea and cross sectional length and breadth of the seminiferous tubules were higher in the left testis but the number of Leydig cells was higher in right testis in both age groups. Key words: Testis, seminiferous tubule, Leydig cell, indigenous bull DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1341 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 67-74

Structure of concomitant somatic pathology in patients different age groups before ophthalmic surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-185
Author(s):  
M.A. Esina ◽  
◽  
E.E. Filimonova ◽  
L.V. Pavlyushchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
State Institution ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Ophthalmic Surgery ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Preoperative Stage ◽  
Stage 1

Purpose. Analysis of structure somatic pathology in patients different age groups before planned ophthalmic surgery. Material and methods. Analyzed 1200 medical records patients previously operated in the Khabarovsk branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 3 age groups were formed. The 1st group included 11 patients under age of 40 years (0.9%), the 2nd group – 234 patients from 41 to 60 years (19.5%), the 3rd group – 955 patients over 60 years (79.6%). In each of the groups, the frequency and structure of concomitant somatic pathology, the degree of its compensation were studied. Results. In the 1st group, 54.5% of patients were somatically healthy, 45.5% had a pathology, represented mainly by stage 1 hypertension and type 1 diabetes. All of them were compensated, there were no difficulties in preparing for the operation in this group. In the 2nd group, 90.2% of patients had somatic pathology. The leading positions were occupied by hypertension and type 2 diabetes, the respiratory system pathologies, rheumatic diseases and the carriage of chronic hepatitis B and C viruses were added. Treatment correction at the preoperative stage was required for 2 patients (0.9%), after which the patients were operated. In 3rd group, 100% of patients had somatic pathology. Its structure did not differ much from the 2nd group, but there were also complications such as heart attacks, acute cerebrovascular accidents, complicated diabetes. Correction of therapy was carried out in 61 people (6.4%), 60 of them were successfully operated, one did not appear for hospitalization. Conclusion. Somatic burden increased and degree of compensation for diseases decreased with increasing age of patients. Successful operations are facilitated by individual approach to patient, taking into account the existing pathology and preoperative preparation. Key words: patient's age, somatic burden, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, compensation.

Sex chimaerism, fertility and sex determination in the mouse

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Patek ◽  
J.B. Kerr ◽  
R.G. Gosden ◽  
K.W. Jones ◽  
K. Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Ovarian Surface Epithelium ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Coelomic Epithelium

Adult intraspecific mouse chimaeras, derived by introducing male embryonal stem cells into unsexed host blastocysts, were examined to determine whether gonadal sex was correlated with the sex chromosome composition of particular cell lineages. The fertility of XX in equilibrium XY and XY in equilibrium XY male chimaeras was also compared. The distribution of XX and XY cells in 34 XX in equilibrium XY ovaries, testes and ovotestes was determined by in situ hybridisation using a Y-chromosome-specific probe. Both XX and XY cells were found in all gonadal somatic tissues but Sertoli cells were predominantly XY and granulosa cells predominantly XX. The sex chromosome composition of the tunica albuginea and testicular surface epithelium could not, in general, be fully resolved, owing to diminished hybridisation efficiency in these tissues, but the ovarian surface epithelium (which like the testicular surface epithelium derives from the coelomic epithelium) was predominantly XX. These findings show that the claim that Sertoli cells were exclusively XY, on which some previous models of gonadal sex determination were based, was incorrect, and indicate instead that in the mechanism of Sertoli cell determination there is a step in which XX cells can be recruited. However, it remains to be established whether the sex chromosome constitution of the coelomic epithelium lineage plays a causal role in gonadal sex determination. Male chimaeras with XX in equilibrium XY testes were either sterile or less fertile than chimaeras with testes composed entirely of XY cells. This impaired fertility was associated with the loss of XY germ cells in atrophic seminiferous tubules. Since this progressive lesion was correlated with a high proportion of XX Leydig cells, we suggest that XX Leydig cells are functionally defective, and unable to support spermatogenesis.

Gastrointestinal iron and cobalt absorption and iron status in young rats and guinea pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gpl Naylor ◽  
JD Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gastrointestinal Absorption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Body Retention ◽  
Different Ages

The gastrointestinal absorption of Fe and Co by rats and guinea pigs of different ages was measured by comparing the whole-body retention of 59Fe and 57Co after oral and intraperitoneal administrations. The age-groups studied included newborn, weanlings and adults. The absorption of both Fe and Co decreased markedly with age in both rats and guinea pigs. In the rat, absorption remained ele vated during the suckling period, while in the guinea pig absorption decreased markedly during suckling. In both species, Fe and Co absorption were similar, and remained elevated above adult values for some time after weaning. The generally greater absorption of Fe and Co by rats than by guinea pigs and the longer duration of maximal absorp tion in the rats may have involved differences in Fe status in the two species and differences in the timing of gut mat uration.

Effects of PACAP on morphologically identified myenteric neurons in guinea pig small bowel

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. G414-G421 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Christofi ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Myenteric Neurons ◽  
Adenosine Receptor Agonist ◽  
Excitatory Responses

Intracellular microelectrodes were used to examine the actions of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) on morphologically identified myenteric neurons and glial cells of the guinea pig small bowel. PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 evoked excitatory responses in 96% of after hyperpolarizing (AH)/type 2 neurons. The half-maximal concentration for PACAP-27 was 1.5 nM. The responses consisted of membrane depolarization in association with increased input resistance, suppression of hyperpolarizing afterpotentials, and repetitive spike discharge. Forskolin mimicked the action of PACAP in all AH/type 2 neurons. PACAP excited 36% of S/type 1 neurons. Most of the AH/type 2 neurons had Dogiel II morphology, whereas the S/type 1 neurons were uniaxonal with morphology characteristics of Dogiel I or filamentous neurons. No glial cells responded to PACAP. A selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist blocked the excitatory action of PACAP, and this was reversed by a selective A1 antagonist. The results suggest that excitatory PACAP receptors and inhibitory adenosine A1 receptors are linked to adenylate cyclase in AH/type 2 myenteric neurons.

The world pandemic of diabetes

2011 ◽  
pp. 1795-1799
Author(s):  
Nigel Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Increasing Trends

A pandemic refers to a disease that is rapidly increasing in frequency across many populations, over a wide geographical area (1). Put another way, it refers to the situation in which epidemics of the disease are occurring simultaneously in many countries. This is the case for diabetes, which has the dubious distinction of being one of the few chronic non-communicable diseases known to be increasing in all countries from which data are available, irrespective of the level of economic development (2). This is mirrored by a pandemic of people who are overweight or obese (3), the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on diabetes in adults (aged 20 years old and above), of which 85% to more than 95%, depending on the population, have type 2 diabetes (2, 4), which is thus the main contributor to the growing burden of diabetes. However, it is worth noting that, in children (<15 years old), the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing, particularly in the youngest age groups, across the vast majority of countries from which good data are available (5). The reasons for this increase are unclear, although various environmental risk factors have been implicated (5). This chapter aims to do the following: ◆ provide an overview of the prevalence and trends in diabetes in adults across the world and its contribution to mortality ◆ describe the broad determinants that underlie the increasing trends in diabetes in adults ◆ provide an introduction to variations by ethnicity in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes

Histochemical localization of enzymes of various metabolic pathways in the testes of buffaloes, goats and rams

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Bilaspuri ◽  
S. S. Guraya
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Species

SummaryIsocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-OH-BDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were histochemically located in the testes of buffaloes, goats and rams. The enzyme activities varied with the enzyme, species and cell type. The activities in the seminiferous tubules were correlated with the stages of seminiferous epithelial cycle (SEC). During this cycle, the activities in the Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes remained unaltered in contrast to those in the spermatids. The activities of SDH, ICDH and MDH were relatively greater in buffalo, while goat and ram resembled each other quite closely. ICDH and MDH preferred NADP to NAD. In the three species, the activities of ICDH, SDH and MDH generally followed an increasing order. G-6-PDH was greater in the interstitial tissue of buffalo than in goat and ram; the maximum activity of this enzyme in each species was found in the spermatogonia. In comparison with G-6-PDH, GDH was less evident in the interstitial tissue of buffalo and goat; Sertoli cells and spermatogonia also showed relatively less MDH activity whereas the other germ cells may have relatively less, similar or more, GDH activity depending on the species. β-OHBDH activity was similar in the interstitial tissue of the three species, but in the seminiferous tubule, the activity was less in goat. But for GDH and β-OH-BDH which could show different results, the activities of other enzymes generally decreased from spermatogonia through spermatocytes to spermatids but increased during spermiogenesis. In spermatozoa, the enzymes were observed only in the mid-piece. The possible physiological significance of the results is discussed in relation to different metabolic pathways.

70 GONADAL DEVELOPMENT IN GUINEA PIG MALES (CAVIA PORCELLUS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
F. Oliveira ◽  
A. Santos ◽  
A. A. Neto
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Hormonal Function ◽  
Gonad Differentiation

Sexual differentiation in mammals is an event that presents many variations between species. Because it is related to hormonal function, any imbalance in the androgens and estrogens production can lead to malformations. Because sexual differentiation occurs in different ways among various animals, the recognition of their peculiarities becomes important in order to correct reproductive handling in different species. Considering that the guinea pig is commonly used as an experimental model in the reproductive area, the goal of this work was to perform a morphological description of gonad differentiation of the male guinea pig during embryonic development. In total, 11 conceptuses with ages 25 (n = 3), 30 (n = 2), 40 (n = 2), 50 (n = 2), and 65 (n = 2) days were used for light microscopy processing. The embryos at 25 days were processed completely. For the others, the gonads were dissected. The samples were dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin, and 5-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. In the guinea pig gonad at 25 days gestation, there was a presence of gonadal cords, formed by condensation of somatic cells, which is characteristic of an undifferentiated gonad. In addition, we observed the presence of mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts in different embryos, indicating that other genital system organs were not formed. For the 30 days of development of guinea pigs, we observed that gonadal cords were differentiated in testicular cords by invasion of mesenchymal and endothelial cells, and also composed of Sertoli cells and primordial germ cells. These cords were among a large amount of testicular mesenchyme at the 40-day group. With 50- and 65-day development samples, the gonad was completely differentiated into testicle, with the presence of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules, and a large amount of interstitial Leydig cells around the tubules. We conclude that gonadal differentiation in guinea pig males occurs around the middle of pregnancy, between 25 and 30 days and that, before the end of the pregnancy, at 50 days, the testicle presents morphology similar to that found in the postnatal period.

Elevation of cAMP facilitates noradrenergic transmission in submucous neurons of guinea pig ileum

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. G442-G446 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Zafirov ◽  
H. J. Cooke ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Guinea Pig Ileum ◽  
Synaptic Excitation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intracellular Microelectrodes

Slow synaptic excitation and inhibition were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in submucous ganglion cells of the guinea pig ileum. Elevation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) after application of forskolin or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in slowly activating depolarization of the membrane potential. The depolarization was associated with increased input resistance, enhanced excitability, and suppression of hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. This occurred in AH/type 2 but not S/type 1 neurons. The action of forskolin or IBMX mimicked slow synaptic excitation in the same neurons. Focal electrical stimulation also evoked slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). The amplitude and duration of the IPSPs were increased by forskolin or a membrane-permeant analogue of cAMP. Treatment with phentolamine, yohimbine or idazoxan suppressed the IPSPs before and after potentiation by forskolin, suggesting that the IPSPs were mediated by release of norepinephrine acting at alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Application of adenosine or selective adenosinergic A1 agonists suppressed or abolished the IPSPs. The results suggest that elevation of cAMP facilitates the release of norepinephrine at alpha 2-synapses on submucous neurons of guinea pig small bowel.

scholarly journals Prevalence, morbidity and mortality of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis in the General Hospital of Playa del Carmen, México. Analysis of five years

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Argel de Jesús Concha May ◽  
Guillermo Padrón Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is the underlying cause of pancreatitis in 7% of the general population and is the third cause after gallstones and alcohol. HTG may be associated with acute pancreatitis as an epiphenomenon or as a precipitant thereof. Generally, more than 75% of pancreatitis induced by hypertriglyceridemia is due to secondary causes and although these are not sufficient to elevate triglycerides to cause pancreatitis, a preexisting defect is required to obtain a TG>1000 mg/dL to induce acute pancreatitis. Material and Method: To identify the prevalence morbidity and mortality of acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia, a retrospective and cross-sectional observational clinical study was performed for a period of five years. Results: During the study period, 100 cases of acute pancreatitis of various etiologies were collected, 29 (29%) of which corresponded to acute pancreatitis of hypertriglyceridemic origin; history of risk: type 1 Diabetes mellitus one case (3.4%); Type 2 Diabetes mellitus 27 cases (24%); history of alcoholism nine cases (31%); positive smoking 4 cases (13.8%); hypertriglyceridemia 27 cases (94%); obesity 17 cases (59%); lipemic serum 19 cases (65.5%), and In-hospital stays average six days. Mortality in one case. Discussion: In the Mexican national survey of ENASUT 2012, it was found by age group that hypercholesterolemia is highest in the age groups of 50-69 years of age. (Table 1) The frequency of hyperlipidemia in patients with pancreatitis ranges from 12 to 38%, and of hypertriglyceridemia, between 4 and 53%; what is important is to define whether its presence is primary or causal, or secondary or consequence of other clinical conditions such as Diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, pregnancy or use of medications. The triglycerides were obtained on routine laboratory tests in our hospital and their values were steadily elevated and the hipertrigliceridemic acute pancreatitis is the principal cause instead the alcoholic acute pancreatitis. Keywords: Pancreatitis acute;Hypertriglyceridemic; Prevalence; Morbidity; Mortality

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