The Psychology of the Main Social Groups

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-138
Author(s):  
Jon Elster
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Social

This chapter refers to the beliefs of individuals that occupied various positions in the structures of the old regime. For histoire des mentalités, the chapter tries to determine popular beliefs, elite beliefs, and beliefs about beliefs in accordance with reasons given in the Madisonian caveats. It also analyzes the behavior of the main agents in the economic and political system, which includes the peasantry, local authorities, several urban groupings, the parlements, provincial estates, the royal administration, the royal court, and the king himself. It includes the top-down beliefs of the authorities about their subjects and the bottom-up beliefs of the subjects about the authorities. This chapter also describes beliefs of the members of any group in the social hierarchy about other members of the same group.

scholarly journals Social Movements in Contemporary Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Célia Taborda Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Political System ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global World

This paper focuses in transformation of Portuguese society throughout the analysis of social movements. Social movements in Portugal were changing as the evolution of society. Throughout the ages, according to circumstances of each historical period protest as changing. in the early nineteenth century, the transition from the Old Regime to Liberalism sparked riots. The protests were dominated by the peasants, motivated by the introduction of liberalism and capitalism, which have transformed the traditional way of living. The late nineteenth and early twenty centuries brought the claim of the labor movement and unionism with the consequent organization of social events, such as strikes. The industrialization of the country created a great social inequality between the factory owners and workers, the latter living in precarious conditions which led to revolt. Between 1933 and 1974 the Portuguese dictatorship dominated the political system but even the social repression prevented the existence of strikes and demonstrations due to hunger. After 1974, the country resumes freedom but political and social democratization brought much dispute motivated by the opening of society to the global world.

Living Technology: Exploiting Life's Principles in Technology

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Bedau ◽  
John S. McCaskill ◽  
Norman H. Packard ◽  
Steen Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Evolvable Hardware ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Electronic Chemical ◽  
Core Features

The concept of living technology—that is, technology that is based on the powerful core features of life—is explained and illustrated with examples from artificial life software, reconfigurable and evolvable hardware, autonomously self-reproducing robots, chemical protocells, and hybrid electronic-chemical systems. We define primary (secondary) living technology according as key material components and core systems are not (are) derived from living organisms. Primary living technology is currently emerging, distinctive, and potentially powerful, motivating this review. We trace living technology's connections with artificial life (soft, hard, and wet), synthetic biology (top-down and bottom-up), and the convergence of nano-, bio-, information, and cognitive (NBIC) technologies. We end with a brief look at the social and ethical questions generated by the prospect of living technology.

Social Identity and Patterns of Interaction in the Sharia Court of Kastamonu (1740-44)

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogaç Ergene
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction ◽  
Court Process

AbstractIn this article I introduce quantitative techniques and procedures to analyze how various social groups in mid-18th-century Ottoman Kastamonu experienced the court process. By processing the information found in three Kastamonu court registers, I attempt to determine the group identities of court clients and to compare the choices made by different groups in various legal circumstances. I will identify the kinds of issues brought to court by different segments of the social hierarchy, and the legal adversaries and/or contracting parties brought to court by these court clients; and I will assess how these groups fared in their disputes. My analysis confirms the existence of diverse patterns of court use by various groups in 18th-century Kastamonu and the differential use of the court's services by clients with different social and economic backgrounds.

Top Down versus Bottom Up: The Social Construction of the Health Literacy Movement

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Huber ◽  
Robert M. Shapiro ◽  
Mary L. Gillaspy
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals The Antagonist in the Trickster Tales of Trang Quynh

MANUSYA ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Soratee Jaisa-ard
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Previous Time ◽  
The People ◽  
Mother Goddess ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village

This article explores the antagonists from the tales of Trang Quynh, which are well-known trickster tales throughout Vietnam. The main antagonists in Trang Quynh’s series comprise those in the royal court, even the king himself, mandarins, rich landlords and even the mother Goddess at the village shrine. The tales of Trang Quynh can be interpreted as the farmers’ way of alleviating their hardship, as an expression of their antagonism towards the ruling class and restrictive social rules. Meanwhile, Trang Quynh, the protagonist in the story, is regarded as the hero or the representative of the people. As a result, the study of Trang Quynh’s antagonists will enhance our understanding of the social context, village culture and the conflict between social groups from the previous time in Vietnamese society.

scholarly journals Theoretical Approaches in the Study of the Non-Governmental, Non-Commercial Sector in Modern Russia

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5(62)) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Anna Jach
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Commercial Sector ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social

As part of a political system constituted by individuals and social groups, due to its pro publico bono activities, the non-governmental, non-commercial sector (also known as institutions of civil society) is usually referred to by different terms, both in foreign (English) and Russian languages. Since the Russian nongovernmental, non-commercial sector (некоммерческая неправительственная организация) is not identical to its Western variants, it exhibits a number of differences, the sources of which are both exogenous and endogenous conditions. The issue of the specificities of the non-governmental, non-commercial sector can be researched through a system analysis. The theoretical context for this method creates a new institutionalism, also called neo-institutionalism. In turn, the institutional analysis refers to such theories as systemic change and neo-corporatism as well as the theory of participation or political participation. What turned out to be indispensable were the models defining the conceptual framework for such phenomena as group theory – interest/pressure, or metapolitics, but with regard to its civil forms of participation. The abovementioned methods and stances prove the complexity of the presented subject – the multifaceted nature of the problem, where the exploratory field requires referring to research techniques and tools from many related disciplines. The issue of the non-governmental, non-commercial sector in contemporary Russia should be perceived as a specific phenomenon, primarily because this sector is developing, no matter what transformations of an internal nature occur. Its exploration requires using such theoretical approaches that will allow its mechanisms to be defined. Such an approach must include the specifics of the society and the state within which the social sector develops. Therefore the presentation of theoretical premises applied in research on non-governmental, non-commercial sector in today’s Russia is the first step in diagnosing the phenomenon of the functioning of a non-governmental, non-commercial sector in the conditions of an authoritarian state.

Social Practices: Drinking Like a Persian

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-220
Author(s):  
Henry P. Colburn
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Elites ◽  
Limited Scale ◽  
Culinary Practices

This chapter considers how Achaemenid rule may have affected the decisions people made about identity on a daily basis by examining culinary practices, especially those related to alcohol. Culinary practices are closely linked to identity and status, and the introduction of new vessels forms suggests changes to how Egyptians viewed their positions in society in this period. After discussing dining practices in the Achaemenid Empire, both at the royal court and in the Persian heartland more broadly, this chapter surveys the evidence for Persian vessel types in Egypt. It focuses on three specific types – the Achaemenid phiale, the rhyton, and the Achaemenid bowl. The adoption of these vessel forms in Egypt suggests that Egyptians began to participate in the social hierarchy of the empire. Moreover, versions of them were made in faience and ceramic, indicating that their use was not limited to social elites. The introduction and adaptation of these foreign drinking vessels, and perhaps also the drinking practices associated with them, illustrate the ways that Achaemenid rule may have altered social life in Egypt, even if only on a limited scale.

Eating Out in Imperial Russia: Class, Nationality, and Dining before the Great Reforms

Slavic Review ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Great Reforms

During the first half of the nineteenth century, arguments over Russian social structure played a central role in discussions of eating establishments. The Russian state controlled these establishments in part through legislation that kept social groups apart; it focused particularly on the extremes of the social hierarchy, showing little interest in the middling groups. In more narrative descriptions of eating establishments, however, the middling groups—or their absence—seemed remarkably important. Foreign observers generally felt that Russia lacked both a middle class and middling eating establishments. Russians in part agreed, but by the middle of the century they were more likely to locate a middle class among one particular group: Moscow's merchants.

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