The Setting

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-32
Author(s):  
Margaret C. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
New Science ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Intellectual Challenge

This chapter discusses the concept of space during the Enlightenment. Between 1500 and 1700, Westerners discovered two new worlds: one in the heavens, the other on earth. These discoveries coincided with and helped further a vast expansion of commerce that brought yet more peoples and places into the Western orbit. Celestial and terrestrial space were reconfigured. Christianity had to rise to the intellectual challenge presented by the new spatial reality. The findings of the new science displaced the earth from the center of the universe and thereby raised doubts about all traditional explanations. The discovery of new continents and peoples had an even more immediate effect. The Greek and Roman authorities long revered in Europe had not the slightest inkling of the existence of the Americas. Western peoples could no longer rely on the coherence and order long provided by Christian theology. In this way, the new spatial realities provided the setting wherein enlightened ideas first emerged.

Aristotle's Unmoved Movers

Traditio ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Merlan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Picture ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Middle Ages

According to Aristotle all heavenly movement is ultimately due to the activity of forty-seven (or fifty-five) ‘unmoved movers'. This doctrine is highly remarkable in itself and has exercised an enormous historical influence. It forms part of a world-picture the outlines of which are as follows. The universe consists of concentric spheres, revolving in circles. The outermost of these bears the fixed stars. The other either bear planets or, insofar as they do not, contribute indirectly to the movements of the latter. Each sphere is moved by the one immediately surrounding it, but also possesses a movement of its own, due to its mover, an unmoved, incorporeal being. (It was these beings which the schoolmen designated as theintelligentiae separatae.) The seemingly irregular movements of the planets are thus viewed as resulting from the combination of regular circular revolutions. The earth does not move and occupies the centre of the universe. Such was Aristotle's astronomic system, essential parts of which were almost universally adopted by the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.

God as Creator

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Keith Ward
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Theoretical Interest ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Universe

‘In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth’ (Genesis 1.1). For millions of Jews, Christians and Muslims this has been a fundamental article of belief. Nor is it unknown in the classical Indian traditions. The Upanishads, taken by the orthodox to be ‘heard’, not invented, and to be verbally inerrant, state: ‘He desired: “May I become many, may I procreate” … He created (or emanated) this whole universe’ (Taittiriya Upanishad, 6). The belief that everything in the universe is brought into being by an act of will or desire on the part of one uniquely uncreated being is widespread and fundamental in religion. Historians of religion generally suppose that it is a rather late belief in the Biblical tradition, having developed from an earlier stage at which Jahweh was one tribal deity among others. By the time of the major prophets, however, the notion was firmly established that there is only one God, creator of everything other than himself. Christian theologians always seem to have had a great interest in conceptual problems, and the idea of creation has proved a very fruitful one for generating philosophical puzzles. Those puzzles are still of great theoretical interest, and I shall consider some of them with reference to the work of Augustine and, to a lesser extent Thomas Aquinas. Their views have been so influential that they may fairly be called ‘classical’, in Christian theology.

The cryosphere and glacial permafrost as its integral component

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Dobiński
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Planetary System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
The Universe

AbstractSince Earth sciences have undertaken studies of other celestial bodies, its various fields have moved beyond the scope of study assigned to them by name. Interest in space makes it necessary to abandon research geocentrism and reverse relations when comparing the structure of the Earth with other celestial bodies. As an exceptional place in the universe, it should not be the Earth which constitutes a reference point, especially in cryospheric research, but rather the other celestial bodies of our planetary system. This approach, referred to as “Spatial Uniformitarianism,” is the basis for determining the place of ice in the environment and for assigning it to the lithosphere. Ice can be penetrated by frost just as other minerals and rocks, so the occurrence of permafrost may yet be attributed to glaciers and ice-caps. In the article, the occurrence of glacial permafrost has been worked out on the basis of a thermal classification of glaciers with a thorough understanding of the phenomenon. This allows us to specify permafrost’s presence beneath glaciers and ice-caps, a concept which had been needlessly vague. Further, by considering rock glaciers as a mixture of two types of rocks, and by understanding the importance of movement in their evolution, we are now closer to fruitfully determining their role in the environment, their geomorphological significance.

scholarly journals KONSEP KOTA DALAM SINERGI AL-QUR’AN

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Tarranita Kusumadewi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
Building Plans ◽  
The Universe

The city is one of important aspects of the earth. The universe has been created with various kinds of creature. However, to be able to survive, there are two important things to do: a) surviving to compete, and b) surviving to live. The human being becomes the subject for any building plans for nation advancement. On the other side, the environ- ment which becomes the object of building plans is frequently ignored. It should not happen as al-Qur'an states that the universe is created for human's benefits based on its Standard and function. When the universe does not function as its standard, there will be a disaster. For that reason, building infrastructure in the city should consider the surroundings, and does not make the nature as the place of throwing away. The building process which synergies with al-Qur'an aims to make people aware and change their behavior for the safety of the universe. In al-Qur'an, it is stated that if the human is not back to his/her 'fitrah' will disappear because of any damages created by human himself.

World Ages and the Body Politic

1961 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
H. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Body Politic ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

When, at an unknown but manifestly early period, speculation regarding the duration and destiny of the world began, the thinkers of those days had two analogies to guide them, and consequently two divergent conclusions were reached. The first was the recurrent cycle of the seasons; the second, the growth, maturity, decay and death of the human and all other animal bodies. Reasoning from the one, some arrived at the conclusion that the world, at least the earth and mankind, had passed and would always continue to pass through a series of epochs, limited in number, which when they had ended would recommence, and so on indefinitely. From the other datum the result was reached that as a man dies and does not come to life again (for even the fairly wide-spread and early doctrine of reincarnation supposed only that the soul would be given a new earthly body of some kind, not that the whole individual would return), so the earth, or the universe generally, would grow old and die and that would be the end of it. It is the purpose of this paper to examine these two ideas and one or two offshoots of them as they are known to have appeared in the two classical civilizations of Europe, and especially in Greece, and if possible to draw some tentative conclusions as to which, if either, can be found more characteristic of native thought.

scholarly journals Decreasing gravitational pulls caused by the loss of mass in the form of emitted photons and cosmic particles set the expanding universe in motion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zeng ◽  
Huan Xu ◽  
Qiuyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
The Universe

The Earth is orbiting away from the Sun each year, and so are the other planets in the solar system. The Sun loses small amount of mass via the emission of photons and cosmic particles, and the slight decrease of solar gravitational pull results in the minute expansion of the orbits of the planets. Cumulatively, the universe is expanding. The gaseous feature of large planets can be explained by the more extensive volcanoes than that on the Earth. The slower deceleration of larger mass and faster acceleration of smaller mass triggered by Jupiter’s gravitational pull may result in sunspot.Therefore, starspots can be harnessed for the search of orbiting exoplanets.

scholarly journals Foki Szumejowego podróże do źródeł. Pępek ziemi w ujęciu Stanisława Vincenza

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Jakub Żmidziński
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

FOKA SZUMEJOWY'S JOURNEYS TO THE SOURCE. THE NAVEL OF THE EARTH AS PRESENTED BY STANISŁAW VINCENZContinuing Jacek Kolbuszewski’s exegesis of the spatial orders in Stanisław Vincenz’s Na wysokiej połoninie On the High Mountain Pastures, the author of the article attempts to recreate the “philosophy of space” as formulated by the Homer of the Hutsuls. He carries out a detailed analysis of two fragments of the Hutsul epic: Maksym the seer’s story of a rock church from Barwinkowy wianek Periwinkle Wreath and Foka Szumejowy’s expedition to the navel of the earth described in Zwada Squabble. In both case inspirations from Dante’s Divine Comedy can be seen primarily in the expansion of space: on the one hand to include the world of the dead and on the other — the universe understood in Platonic terms. Both journeys also have many characteristics testifying to their initiation-related nature. Particularly important in this respect is the expedition undertaken by Foka and his friends to the source of the Cheremosh River deep inside the Palenica Mountain, on top of which Wincenty Pol placed the point where the borders of three countries — Poland, Hungary and Romania — met. Although in the light of modern research such a location of the old border between the three states is wrong, this is precisely where Vincenz places the navel of the earth. It appear as a distant echo of the omphalos stone from Delphi; a mystical place marked by extraordinarily dense symbolism: centre of the world, bringing together the heavenly and the earthly orders, the living and the dead, and annihilating the temporal dimension. The interpretation of the symbolism of Vincenz’s navel of the world is complemented by Klucz Key, which opens Zwada and in which the author suggests a universal dimension of the history of culture, and, at the same time, mystery-like nature of art, especially literature.]]>

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy

1998 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Dubrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The Universe

The universe as a whole can be shown to consist of two worlds: the real world and the transcendental world. The real world is a multitude of passing things in a gravitational field: it is the world of nature, every unit of which is born (from the transcendental world), develops, degrades and dies (that is, it returns to the transcendental world). The transcendental world is the world of the integrated, nonpassing, unborn and undying, internally functioning Unity, which is the other side of the real world (so to speak) as roots to a tree and its branches in relation to the surface of the Earth. The fundamental science of the real world is theoretical physics. The transcendental world is also a 'physical' but energyless world. In this paper, I outline characteristics of the real world, and the basic characteristics of the transcendental world which are essential for constructing a theory about the functioning of the cosmological vacuum.

Paradoxes: Baroque Science

2019 ◽  
pp. 712-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Gal
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Early Modern Science ◽  
Cognitive Value ◽  
New Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Bernard Mandeville

From Copernicus’s claim that the earth is engaged in three different motions—none of which we can experience—to Newton’s claim that the planetary motions are disorderly—and it is the philosopher’s task to enforce a pattern on them—early modern science made paradoxes the core of its inquiry. Rather than marking the limits of reason or laying foundations for playful skepticism, paradoxes were explicitly sought, carefully elaborated and seriously inquired into, scientifically and philosophically. This entry will string together the most crucial of these paradoxes, one often leading to the other: Tycho demonstrated that the heavens are changing; Kepler showed that vision is a causal process with no inherent cognitive value; Descartes concluded that the passions are the conduits of knowledge; and Bernard Mandeville, already a proud disciple of a self-confident Newtonian science, argued that public virtue arises for private vice. The acknowledged, reflective, and fertile paradoxical nature of its claims and techniques turns the New Science into a representative and a shaping force of Baroque culture.

scholarly journals The Earthly and Sacred in the Semantics of the Tuvinians’ Traditional Costume

2019 ◽  
pp. 2209-2216
Author(s):  
Maria S. Kukhta ◽  
Shenne B. Mainy ◽  
Olga M. Khomushku
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Cultural Types ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Material Form

This work is urgent due to the need in studying the Tuvan traditional clothing, which is a part of the “cultural core” of the residents and contributes to the preservation of their national identity. The research aims analyzing the interrelations of the spiritual (sacred) and material (earthly) in the semantics of the Tuvan costume. The subject of the study is the Tuvan folk costume, whereas the main focus is its sign-symbolic nature. The features of the cut, decor and form of the Tuvan costume represent, on the one hand, a unique ethnic specificity, and on the other hand, mean fundamental laws of the Universe inherent in the cultures of all the peoples on the Earth. The study results in the systematization of cultural types of the costume and identification of their symbolic articulation in particular material form (fit, cut or design elements)

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