A Society of Orders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Dauber
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Carlo Sigonio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Popular Party

This chapter examines Sir Thomas Smith's account of political development in the form of a description of the Elizabethan state in his De Republica Anglorum. More specifically, it considers Smith's suggestion that England was a society of orders of the sort that Carlo Sigonio had described with reference to Rome. It shows how Smith situated the “republic of the English” in a scheme of political development, drawing on Sigonio and the humanist lawyer Ulrich Zasius for background. It also discusses Smith's comparison of the English constitution to a moment of balance during the Roman republic after the curial institutions of the tyrants had faded away, but before the popular party gained the upper hand. Finally, it highlights the difference between Smith's understanding of the commonwealth (respublica) and the Marian exiles' understanding of the state.

Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
East Germany ◽  
The State ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.

scholarly journals Bintang Jasa – The Indonesian Star of Service

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Anton O. Zakharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
New Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

The award system of Indonesia reflects its political development. The first Order of Indonesia—the Guerilla Star (Bintang Gerilya)—was instituted in 1949, to praise the participants of the anti-colonial struggle for Inde-pendence. Ten years later, the award system of Indonesia included several orders—the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (Bintang Republik Indonesia), the Star of Mahaputera (Bintang Mahaputera), the Sacred Star (Bintang Sakti), the Military Distinguished Service Star (Bintang Dharma), the Guerilla Star, and the Garuda Star (Bintang Garuda). At least four of them were essentially military whereas the Star of the Republic of Indonesia and the Star of Mahaputera may have been bestowed to the army commanders. The connection of the award system with the rise of the Indonesian Army seems obvious. But the state apparatus of Indonesia included many officials who also needed visible signs of recognition. In 1963, President Sukarno instituted a new Order—the Bintang Jasa, or the Star of Service. It serves as a typical award for state officials, politicians and other Indonesian citizens as well as for foreign diplomats whose service to the Indonesian State is considered valuable.

scholarly journals KONSEPSI NEGARA HUKUM PANCASILA DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

PRANATA HUKUM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Tubagus Muhammad Nasarudin
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Free Trial ◽  
Government Power ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The rule of law in the perspective of Pancasila which can be termed the law state of Indonesia or the rule of law state of Pancasila besides having the same elements as the rule of law in the rechtstaat and rule of law, also has specific elements that make the Indonesian law state different from the concept of the state generally known law. The difference locates in the values contained in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution which contain Pancasila with the principles of the Belief in the one and only God and the absence of separation between the state and religion, the principle of deliberation in the implementation of state government power, the principle of social justice, kinship and mutual cooperation, as well as laws that serve the integrity of the unitary state of Indonesia. The Pancasila Law State concept is characterized by: (1) Close relations between religion and state (2) Stand on the one and only God (3) Freedom of religion in a positive sense (4) Atheism is not justified and communism is forbidden and (5) The principle of kinship and harmony. As for the main elements of the Republic of Indonesia Law State are: (1) Pancasila (2) MPR (3) Constitutional system (4) equality and (5) Free trial.

SACER, SACROSANCTUS, and LEGES SACRATAE

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Pellam
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
The State ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legitimate State

This paper offers a challenge to the conventional view of the lex sacrata which the Romans believed to have accompanied the establishment of the plebeian tribunate. According to most scholars, the lex sacrata was not technically a lex (law), but was rather an oath sworn by the plebs, enjoining them to protect the persons of the tribunes and to punish with death anyone who should harm the holders of this office. Originally it was only this oath that gave the tribunes their power, which developed into a true office of the Roman state only gradually. This interpretation serves as one of the major props in the widely-held interpretation of the early Roman Republic as being characterized by a “struggle of the orders” in which the plebeians formed a revolutionary “state within the state,” separate and distinct from the legitimate state, which was controlled by the patricians. By reexamining the sources for the traditional interpretation of the lex sacrata, this paper shows that all of the evidence suggests that the lex sacrata which guaranteed the inviolability of the plebeian tribunes was, in fact, a law of the Roman community, and that there is little if any support for the “oath” interpretation. With this understanding, a major prop in the communis opinio about the early Republic is undermined. Finally, the paper offers an alternative hypothesis for the role of leges sacratae in the development of the Republic.

Edicts and Decrees during the Republic: A Reappraisal

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-83
Author(s):  
Thibaud Lanfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic

Abstract In this paper, edicts and decrees are examined from the perspective of their meaning and their relations. After a brief overview of the literature, this article aims at setting out the difference between edicts and decrees and its evolution during the Roman Republic, mainly focusing on Latin sources. As Praetors' edicts and decrees are rather wellknown, this article focuses on edicts and decrees by other magistrates and in literary sources. Edictum appears to be originally a kind of order, decided by the sole magistrate and linked to his coercitio, whereas decretum is a collective decision, linked to iurisdictio, made to settle a very precise circumstance. Both of those acts gradually lost their differences and were reused in a different manner during the Empire.

scholarly journals Alternativas en la complejidad de la estructura social: El caso de la conformación y apropiación de capital social en el Estado de Colima, México

2017 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
María Gabriela Gildo de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Government ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The Republic ◽  
America Latina

ResumenMéxico al igual que otras naciones de América Latina, ha experimentado niveles crecientes de desarrollo económico, social y político, combinados con problemas como desempleo, bajos salarios, aumento de actos delictivos, corrupción, niveles bajos en la política de protesta y de manifestaciones públicas. Lo anterior conduce a un sistema de transición democrática, reflejado por un Estado intervencionista y una sociedad poco desarrollada. En este contexto, se analiza el fenómeno asociativo en una de las 32 entidades federativas de la república, el Estado de Colima, particularmente el capital social en dos vertientes: la conformación vista a partir de tres aspectos: la participación, las prácticas sociales y la confianza y la apropiación, registrada en la participación institucionalizada que, a través de discursos y estrategias, constituyen mecanismos formales que el Estado utiliza para estimular la formación de capital social.Palabras clave: confianza, prácticas sociales, participación y capital socialAbstractMexico, as so many other Latin American nations, has experienced various levels of economical social and political development, combined with problems such as unemployment, low salaries, increasing crime rate, corruption an low levels of political protest and public manifestations. The previous leads to a system of democratic transition, reflected in an intervening state and an undeveloped society. In this context one analyzes this associative phenomenon in one of the 32 federal states of the republic: The state of Colima, in particular is considered the social capital in two ways: a) the conformation seen in 3 different perspectives, participation, social work, and the trust, b) the possession, registered in the institutionalized participation, through speeches and strategies, creating official institutions, used by the state government to stimulate the creation of social capital.Key words: Trust, social work, participation and social capital

scholarly journals The religious situation in Buryatia in the late 1980s and early 1990s

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Evgeny Viktorovich Drobotushenko ◽  
Yuliya Nikolaevna Lantsova ◽  
Galina Petrovna Kamneva ◽  
Andrey Aleksandrovich Sotnikov ◽  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Sotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
The State ◽  
General Situation ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Difficult Transition

Based on archival data the paper describes the religious situation in the Buryat ASSR, then the Buryat SSR and the Republic of Buryatia during the change of socio-political development of the national state in the late 1980s - early last decade of the XX century. The authors say that this problem has not received serious analysis in the framework of scientific publications. Therefore, the research was based on archival documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SA RF) and the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia (SARB). The purpose of the study is to characterize the religious situation in the border area of the local territory in a difficult transition period of national history. The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical science, the principles of historicism and objectivity, which allowed us to consider a rather complex component of the life of society - religion, without bias, in its historical development. The result of the study was the identification of features of religious processes in Buryatia during the period under review. The authors provide quantitative indicators for registered religious associations and religious buildings. The religious situation is assessed against the background of the General situation in the RSFSR (Russian Federation), with statistics for the Republic and the country. It is noted that the trends of religious processes in Buryatia, at the time under review, were similar to the national ones. This is a sharp surge in religiosity, against the background of the resolution of religious freedom, on the one hand, and, in the context of the socio-economic crisis, on the other. It is said that in Buryatia, in addition to traditional religious teachings for the region, new ones appeared, among which, there were the teachings of totalitarian sects. It describes the difficulties that arose in connection with the change in the attitude of the authorities to religions. It is noted that further work with sources is necessary, which will allow us to recreate the most complete picture of the religious situation in Buryatia during the difficult transition period of the late 1980s - early 1990s.

scholarly journals Reduction in Blood Lead Concentration in Children across the Republic of Georgia following Interventions to Address Widespread Exceedance of Reference Value in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11903
Author(s):  
Ekaterine Ruadze ◽  
Giovanni S. Leonardi ◽  
Ayoub Saei ◽  
Irma Khonelidze ◽  
Lela Sturua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The State ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
State Program ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic

In recent years, reports of lead contamination have dramatically increased in Georgia. Given concerns about the exposure of children to lead (Pb), the National Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-2018) included a blood sampling component. The results showed that 41% of the children that participated had blood Pb levels (BLL) ≥ 5 µg/dL and that BLL in children living in Western Georgia were higher than those in Eastern regions. In response to these findings, NCDC implemented written and verbal advice to the families of children who participated in the MICS-2018 on how to reduce Pb exposure. From August 2019 onwards, the state program of clinical follow-up was implemented. The design of this study was a longitudinal study. The intervention of interest was the public health advice and medical follow-up, and the outcome was defined as the difference in BLL between the MICS-2018 survey and the state program follow-up. We observed a significant overall reduction in median BLL between MICS-2018 and state program follow-up in both August 2019 and the latest results (until December 2019). However, we did not observe any significant further reduction between August and the most recent BLL results. In the Georgian setting, written and verbal communication targeting individual households, alongside home visits to the most exposed, effectively reduced BLL in children.

Alternativas en la complejidad de la estructura social: El caso de la conformación y apropiación de capital social en el Estado de Colima, México

2017 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
María Gabriela Gildo de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Government ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The Republic ◽  
America Latina

ResumenMéxico al igual que otras naciones de América Latina, ha experimentado niveles crecientes de desarrollo económico, social y político, combinados con problemas como desempleo, bajos salarios, aumento de actos delictivos, corrupción, niveles bajos en la política de protesta y de manifestaciones públicas. Lo anterior conduce a un sistema de transición democrática, reflejado por un Estado intervencionista y una sociedad poco desarrollada. En este contexto, se analiza el fenómeno asociativo en una de las 32 entidades federativas de la república, el Estado de Colima, particularmente el capital social en dos vertientes: la conformación vista a partir de tres aspectos: la participación, las prácticas sociales y la confianza y la apropiación, registrada en la participación institucionalizada que, a través de discursos y estrategias, constituyen mecanismos formales que el Estado utiliza para estimular la formación de capital social.Palabras clave: confianza, prácticas sociales, participación y capital socialAbstractMexico, as so many other Latin American nations, has experienced various levels of economical social and political development, combined with problems such as unemployment, low salaries, increasing crime rate, corruption an low levels of political protest and public manifestations. The previous leads to a system of democratic transition, reflected in an intervening state and an undeveloped society. In this context one analyzes this associative phenomenon in one of the 32 federal states of the republic: The state of Colima, in particular is considered the social capital in two ways: a) the conformation seen in 3 different perspectives, participation, social work, and the trust, b) the possession, registered in the institutionalized participation, through speeches and strategies, creating official institutions, used by the state government to stimulate the creation of social capital.Key words: Trust, social work, participation and social capital

Killing and the king: Numa's murder law and the nature of monarchic authority

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDY E. GAUGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Decentralized Leadership ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

The author makes the argument that the presence of a murder law during the Roman monarchy and the absence of such a law during the republic reflects the difference in the nature of authority in these two political institutions. The centralized authority of the monarchy demanded a control over the right to kill. An act of homicide practised by another infringed upon the king's authority and so a murder law was promulgated. When the Romans expelled their kings, authority devolved onto individual patres and this decentralized leadership under the republic meant that the act of homicide was no longer a matter of concern for the state.

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