State Dependency and Middle-Class Demand for Democracy

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
Bryn Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Economic Engagement

This chapter clarifies the variation in middle-class regime preferences and details the individual-level logic of state dependency. It discusses key concepts and descriptive data on the middle-classes and state economic engagement in the countries under study. It also captures the distinction between highly educated white-collar and professional strata versus less educated routine and manual laborers. The chapter provides a normative view of the middle-class as a carrier of democracy, as synonymous with the capital-owning bourgeoisie, and as an exclusively income-based category. It highlights the middle-class of educated professionals in modernization theory and its values-based variants, including the “middle sector” that emphasizes on members of a broad range of occupational groups between the working class and economic elite.

Freiwilliges Engagement in der „Lebensphase Alter“. Eine kontrastierende Betrachtung von niedrig- und ­hochgebildeten Personen in der Altersgruppe 50+ mit dem Freiwilligensurvey 2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-374
Author(s):  
Frank Micheel
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Freiwilliges Engagement ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Educated

Zusammenfassung Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass der Zugang zum Freiwilligenbereich in der „Lebensphase Alter“ durch Bildungsnachteile systematisch erschwert wird. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert, welche Faktoren ein freiwilliges Engagement von älteren Niedriggebildeten begünstigen und wie stark sie im Vergleich zu Hochgebildeten wirken. Auf Basis des Freiwilligensurveys aus dem Jahr 2014 wird nach differenzierenden Merkmalen (demografische Merkmale, Ressourcen, persönliche Werte sowie kontextuelle Aspekte) zur Erklärung freiwilliger Aktivitäten innerhalb der beiden Bildungsgruppen untersucht. Aus den multivariaten Analysen lassen sich folgende politische Implikationen ableiten: Strukturelle Verbesserungen in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung, in den ostdeutschen Regionen sowie in der Stadt- und Sozialplanung erhöhen die Chancen für Niedriggebildete zur sozialen Teilhabe im Freiwilligenbereich. Auf der individuellen Ebene ist die Stärkung der wahrgenommenen Erwartungskompetenz ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Abstract: Volunteering in Old Age: A Comparison Between Low and Highly Educated Individuals Aged 50+ It is known from literature that access to volunteering in old age is systematically restricted by educational disadvantages. This article discusses which factors enable older people with low education to volunteering compared to highly educated people. Based on the German Survey on Volunteering from 2014, empirical investigations explore differentiated characteristics (demographics, resources, individual values and social aspects) explaining volunteering within both educational groups. The following political implications are derived from multivariate analyses: Structural improvements in the areas of healthcare provision, in Eastern Germany, as well as urban and social planning raise the odds for volunteering among the low educated. On the individual level, improving perceived self-efficacy is a promising approach.

scholarly journals Sickness absence among privately employed white-collar workers: A total population study in Sweden

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482093427
Author(s):  
Kristin Farrants ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson
Keyword(s):  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The Individual

Background: Knowledge about sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) among privately employed white-collar workers is very limited. Aims: This study aimed to explore SA and DP among privately employed white-collar women and men using different measures of SA to investigate differences by branch of industry, and to analyse the association between sociodemographic factors and SA. Methods: This was a population-based study of all 1,283,516 (47% women) privately employed white-collar workers in Sweden in 2012, using register data linked at the individual level. Several different measures of SA and DP were used. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations of sociodemographic factors with SA. Results: More women than men had SA (10.9% women vs. 4.5% men) and DP (1.8% women vs. 0.6% men). While women had a higher risk of SA than men and had more SA days per employed person, they did not have more SA days per person with SA than men. The risk of SA was higher for women (odds ratio (OR)=2.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.51–2.58)), older individuals (OR age 18–24 years=0.58 (95% CI 0.56–0.60); age 55–64 years OR=1.43 (95% CI 1.40–1.46) compared to age 45–54 years), living in medium-sized towns (OR=1.05 (95% CI 1.03–1.06)) or small towns/rural areas (OR=1.13 (95% CI 1.11–1.15)), with shorter education than college/university (OR compulsory only=1.64 (95% CI 1.59–1.69); OR high school=1.38 (95% CI 1.36–1.40)), born outside the EU25 (OR=1.23 (95% CI 1.20–1.27)) and singles with children at home (OR=1.33 (95% CI 1.30–1.36)). Conclusions: SA and DP among privately employed white-collar workers were lower than in the general population. SA prevalence, length and risk varied by branch of industry, sex and other sociodemographic factors, however, depending on the SA measure used.

scholarly journals How education mitigates the realisation of fertility intentions: Is sub-Saharan Africa different?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Channon ◽  
SARAH HARPER
Keyword(s):  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

The gap between achieved fertility and fertility ideals is notably higher in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than elsewhere, relating to both under- and overachievement of fertility ideals. We consider the extent to which the relationship between fertility ideals and achieved fertility is mitigated by educational achievement. Further, we consider if the effect of education acts differently in SSA, and thereby hypothesise how increasing levels of education in SSA may decrease fertility.We use 227 Demographic and Health Surveys from 57 countries worldwide to look at population- and individual-level measures of achieving fertility ideals. Population level measures are used to assess whether the correspondence between fertility intentions and achievements differ by level of education. We then look at the individual-level determinants of both under- and overachieving fertility intentions. An average of 40% of women in SSA underachieve their stated fertility intentions compared to 26% in non-SSA countries. Furthermore, the educational gradient of underachievement is different in SSA where higher levels of education are not related to better correspondence between fertility intentions and achievements. We argue that the phenomenon of underachieving fertility ideals (or unrealized fertility) may be of particular importance for the ongoing fertility transition throughout SSA, especially for highly educated groups.

To See and to Be Seen

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Fan ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chinese White ◽  
Professional Workers ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, microblogging has gained enormous popularity in China, especially among urban professional workers. This phenomenological study investigates how white-collar workers in China experience microblogging and how they perceive the impact of microblogging on their lives. Twenty in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in Beijing and Qingdao with young white-collar professionals who are active users of Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo. The analysis revealed that by engaging in microblogging activities workers can increase their social capital. In addition, the results suggested that through microblogs white-collar professional users can not only increase their social capital at the individual level but also enhance it at the collective level. The authors conclude that information sharing and social interaction enabled through microblogging platforms empower Chinese white-collar workers and strengthen their social capital.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 222-244
Author(s):  
Bryn Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Economic Engagement

This chapter concludes with implications of the evidence presented for the literatures on development and democratization, resource states, and protest mobilization. It demonstrates that the logic of middle-class state dependency holds not only in states where the economy is based on extractive industries. It also places the argument in a broader comparative perspective. The chapter pays attention to the autocratic middle-class supported by state economic engagement, which helps make sense of delayed democratization and democratic failures in the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. It points out how development increases the size of the middle-class, leads to democratization, and stabilizes authoritarianism.

The role of organizational structure in readiness for change: A conceptual integration

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin K Benzer ◽  
Martin P Charns ◽  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Melissa Afable
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Context ◽  
Organizational Transformation ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Readiness For Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implementation Quality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this review is to extend extant conceptualizations of readiness for change as an individual-level phenomenon. This review-of-reviews focuses on existing conceptual frameworks from the dissemination, implementation, quality improvement, and organizational transformation literatures in order to integrate theoretical rationales for how organization structure, a key dimension of the organizational context, may impact readiness for change. We propose that the organization structure dimensions of differentiation and integration impact readiness for change at the individual level of analysis by influencing four key concepts of relevance, legitimacy, perceived need for change, and resource allocation. We identify future research directions that focus on these four key concepts.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic position and SARS-CoV-2 infections: seroepidemiological findings from a German nationwide dynamic cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Hoebel ◽  
Markus M Grabka ◽  
Carsten Schroeder ◽  
Sebastian Haller ◽  
Hannelore Neuhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pandemic Planning ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Evidence on the relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and infections with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is still limited as most of the available studies are ecological in nature. This is the first German nationwide study to examine differences in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections according to SEP at the individual level. Methods: The 'CORONA-MONITORING bundesweit' (RKI-SOEP) study is a seroepidemiological survey among a dynamic cohort of the German adult population (n=15,122; October 2020 to February 2021). Dried blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and oral-nasal swabs for viral RNA. SEP was measured by education and income. Robust logistic regression was used to examine adjusted associations of SARS-CoV-2 infections with SEP. Results: 288 participants were seropositive, PCR-positive, or self-reported a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adjusted odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection were 1.87-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06–3.29) higher among low-educated than highly educated adults. Evidence was weaker for income differences in infections (odds ratio=1.65; 95% CI=0.89–3.05). Highly educated adults had lower odds of undetected infection. Conclusions: The results indicate an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in low-educated groups. To promote health equity in the pandemic and beyond, social determinants should be addressed more in infection protection and pandemic planning.

scholarly journals Social patterning of acute respiratory illnesses in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study 2014–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Malosh ◽  
Grace A. Noppert ◽  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Emily T. Martin ◽  
Arnold S. Monto
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Univariate Analyses

AbstractSocial patterning of infectious diseases is increasingly recognised. Previous studies of social determinants of acute respiratory illness (ARI) have found that highly educated and lower income families experience more illnesses. Subjective social status (SSS) has also been linked to symptomatic ARI, but the association may be confounded by household composition. We examined SSS and ARI in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study in 2014–2015. We used SSS as a marker of social disadvantage and created a workplace disadvantage score for working adults. We examined the association between these measures and ARI incidence using mixed-effects Poisson regression models with random intercepts to account for household clustering. In univariate analyses, mean ARI was higher among children <5 years old (P < 0.001), and females (P = 0.004) at the individual level. At the household level, mean ARI was higher for households with at least one child <5 years than for those without (P = 0.002). In adjusted models, individuals in the lowest tertile of SSS had borderline significantly higher rates of ARI than those in the highest tertile (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.92). Households in the lowest tertile of SSS had significantly higher ARI incidence in household-level models (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.03). We observed no association between workplace disadvantage and ARI. We detected an increase in the incidence of ARI for households with low SSS compared with those with high SSS, suggesting that socio-economic position has a meaningful impact on ARI incidence.

scholarly journals John Deakin Heaton and the ‘elusive civic pride of the Victorian middle class’

Urban History ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civic Pride ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT:Civic pride is rarely studied at the individual level. The journals of Dr John Deakin Heaton provide a unique insight into the motivations of a man linked to many institutions and civic sites of Leeds, celebrated by historians as a progenitor of its famous town hall and the city's first university. This article uses those journals to investigate the matrix of family honour, Anglicanism and professional identity, tempered by self-interest, underpinning Heaton's desire to improve his native town. Its conclusions further justify the recent historiographical emphasis on associational culture and ritual in the study of urban governance.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic position and SARS-CoV-2 infections: seroepidemiological findings from a German nationwide dynamic cohort

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-217653
Author(s):  
Jens Hoebel ◽  
Markus M Grabka ◽  
Carsten Schröder ◽  
Sebastian Haller ◽  
Hannelore Neuhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pandemic Planning ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundEvidence on the relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and infections with SARS-CoV-2 is still limited as most of the available studies are ecological in nature. This is the first German nationwide study to examine differences in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections according to SEP at the individual level.MethodsThe ‘CORONA-MONITORING bundesweit’ (RKI-SOEP) study is a seroepidemiological survey among a dynamic cohort of the German adult population (n=15 122; October 2020–February 2021). Dried blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and oral-nasal swabs for viral RNA. SEP was measured by education and income. Robust logistic regression was used to examine adjusted associations of SARS-CoV-2 infections with SEP.Results288 participants were seropositive, PCR positive or self-reported a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adjusted odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection were 1.87-fold (95% CI 1.06 to 3.29) higher among low-educated than highly educated adults. Evidence was weaker for income differences in infections (OR=1.65; 95% CI 0.89 to 3.05). Highly educated adults had lower odds of undetected infection.ConclusionThe results indicate an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in low-educated groups. To promote health equity in the pandemic and beyond, social determinants should be addressed more in infection protection and pandemic planning.

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