Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-337
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Intellectual Character ◽  
Statistical Mathematics ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

This concluding chapter addresses how statistics has assumed the trappings of a modern academic discipline primarily during the last half century. The intellectual character of statistics had been thoroughly transformed by 1900. The period when statistical thinking was allied only to the simplest mathematics gave way to a period of statistical mathematics—which, to be sure, has not been divorced from thinking. In the twentieth century, statistics has at last assumed at least the appearance of conforming to that hierarchical structure of knowledge beloved by philosophers and sociologists in which theory governs practice and in which the “advanced” field of mathematics provides a solid foundation for the “less mature” biological and social sciences. The crystallization of a mathematical statistics out of the wealth of applications developed during the nineteenth century provides the natural culmination to this story.

Danilevskii Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 199-222
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Woodburn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The Times

In the last half century, Nikolai Danilevskii’s Rossiia i Evropa has been interpreted variously according to the contexts in which he is read. MacMaster’s well-known biography reflects mid-twentieth century preoccupations with totalitarianism and the Eastern Bloc, while post-Soviet interpreters have sought source material for reconstructing Russian national identity without Soviet ideology. New editions of the book also reflect changing desires of the times. But the context of Danilevskii’s other works reveal his involvement with intellectual and political cross-currents of nineteenth-century Europe, and the limits of his applicability to other times.

Romania

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Ioanid
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Native Strains

The modern Romanian state was born in the nineteenth century, as a result of the struggle for the independence and unity of its intellectual and political elites in a fragile and shifting equilibrium between the Great Powers. Its political functioning remained troubled. Between the two world wars, governmental majorities never cooperated with the opposition, even though their programmes were not very different. Electoral fraud and electoral premiums characterized the inter-war Romanian electoral process. Romanian fascism proclaimed itself to be the spiritual heir of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century native strains of conservatism and xenophobia. The most powerful component of this xenophobia was anti-Semitism, which from the nineteenth century expressed itself in economic, social, religious, and political models. Basically, most of the founding fathers of the Romanian modern state who took on any major role in politics, economics, social sciences, philosophy, or literature, were anti-Semites.

How Many White Races Are There?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Prewitt
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Color Line ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Race Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
The Right

This chapter looks at how America continually readjusted its color line when the economy's need for workers resulted in immigration-driven population growth but the polity required a monopoly of power in the hands of the “right” whites—that is, European Protestants. In the half century starting with the Civil War, the social sciences entered the scene, which gradually displaced the biologically based race science popular earlier in the nineteenth century. The social sciences embraced the statistical races as a key to informing policy makers across a broad range of issues including stopping the flow of the “wrong” European immigrants—Catholic and Jewish—without interfering with immigration from the ancestral Protestant Europe.

scholarly journals Rethinking Current Social Sciences: The Case of Historical Discourses in the History of Modernity

2000 ◽  
pp. 750-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Social Domain ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Discourses

Since 1968, it has been apparent that the entire “system of branches of knowledge” regarding the social domain, which dated from 1870 to 1968, has entered into a total and irreversible crisis. Established in the last third of the nineteenth century, and having been deployed during the ?rst half of the twentieth century, this particular “episteme” regarding the social domain—which conceived the latter as a sum or aggregate of spaces, segmented, distinct and even autonomous among one another; spaces that in turn corresponded to the different and equally autonomous social sciences or disciplines—was progressively questioned. It ?nally began showing its general epistemological limits, permanently entering into an insurmountable crisis period as a result of the impacts of the 1968 cultural revolution.

NCOBPS and APSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Rogers M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Racial Politics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Political science began in the late nineteenth century as an explicitly racist discipline. Although this changed in the twentieth century, mainstream scholars then neglected racial politics and issues in America for too long. NCOBPS originated in 1969 as part of efforts of scholars of color to address these deficiencies. Throughout its history, it has done so. NCOBPS has fostered more insightful scholarship on a wide range of topics, including their racial dimensions. It has helped to develop leadership skills that have benefited the discipline as a whole. And it has nurtured an activist-scholar ethos that has helped the discipline do a better job of listening to, and benefiting, the populations it studies. The NCOBPS-APSA partnership has grown much stronger over the last half-century; it will need to be cultivated further if the discipline is to confront constructively the intellectual and political challenges it faces in the twenty-first century.

The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Statistics

This book explores the history of statistics from the field's origins in the nineteenth century through to the factors that produced the burst of modern statistical innovation in the early twentieth century. The book shows that statistics was not developed by mathematicians and then applied to the sciences and social sciences. Rather, the field came into being through the efforts of social scientists, who saw a need for statistical tools in their examination of society. Pioneering statistical physicists and biologists James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Francis Galton introduced statistical models to the sciences by pointing to analogies between their disciplines and the social sciences. A new preface looks at how the book has remained relevant since its initial publication, and considers the current place of statistics in scientific research.

scholarly journals Historical Texts in the Periodical Press of Lithuanian Humanities and Social Sciences, 1907–1941: A Quantitative Approach

Lituanistica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titas Krutulys
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humanities And Social Sciences ◽  
Historical Periods

In Lithuania, the first half of the twentieth century was the beginning of the Lithuanian scholarly journals. Lithuanian humanities and social sciences, which were held in high esteem by Lithuanian society, were making efforts to reflect both the development of science and research in the country’s scientific past and to shed light on some of past events in Lithuania. History, therefore, was an important topic in first scholarly journals. This article is focused on historical texts (articles, reviews, bibliographies, publications of historical sources) in twenty different Lithuanian scholarly journals on history, language, literature, philosophy, religion, ethnology, economics, law, and some other disciplines from 1907 to 1941. The article starts with the first Lithuanian scholarly journal Lietuvių tauta and ends with the last historical journal of the interwar period released during the Second World War. It analyses all general sets of texts in the journals. This quantitative research attempts to show the frequency of historical texts in the scientific periodical press, the most common types of texts, the frequency of the publication of these texts during the analysed period, and the type of history (local or foreign) that was more important for each of the journals or serial publications. In addition, this article points to the historical themes and historical periods that used to recur most frequently and to the countries that were represented in historical texts. The results of the survey show that approximately 49% of all the articles in the surveyed periodical press could be described as historical: such texts comprised from 21 to 100% of all texts in each of the academic journals The most common type of such texts was the historical article (at least 70% of all texts), followed by the review and the publication of historical sources. The largest number of historical texts was published in the second half of the 1930s and the lowest in the period of 1900s to 1910s and in the second half of the 1920s. The history of Lithuania was represented in 60% of all texts and foreign history in 48% of them. Eight out of 20 analysed scholarly journals demonstrated preference for foreign history rather than local. The most common was the history of Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Poland, England, and the Baltic countries. The most common themes of historical texts in the scholarly periodical press were biographies, social, cultural, and political history. Historical themes were mostly related to different interests of sciences and there were huge differences between these groups. The survey also shows that although Lithuanian medieval history was much less important to almost all scholarly periodical press, it was interesting to the general public, and that some nineteenth-century Lithuanian historical events received more attention. The nineteenth century and the early twentieth century were the most analysed historical periods, but some journals were predominantly interested in ancient history. Some historical and language-related periodicals focused on the medieval and early modern history of Lithuania.

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Free Church ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.

Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Bell ◽  
Kathy Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

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