scholarly journals PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF MODERN ENGLISH WITH THE COMPONENT “TIME” IN THE FIFTIES-EIGHTIES AMERICAN NOVELS BY IRWIN SHAW

Author(s):  
Ирина Петровна Кудрявцева

Введение. Исследуются фразеологические единицы с компонентом time в текстах литературных произведений известного американского писателя Ирвина Шоу (1913–1984). Цель – рассмотреть функционирование фразеологических единиц с компонентом time в англоязычном художественном тексте с помощью семантического и контекстуального анализа. Материал и методы. Материал исследования отбирался в романах: «Acceptable Losses» («Допустимые потери») (1982), «Bread Upon Waters» («Хлеб по водам») (1981), «Beggarman, Thief» («Нищий, вор») (1977), «Voices of a Summer Day» («Голоса летнего дня») (1965), «Lucy Crown» («Люси Краун») (1956), «The Troubled Air» («Растревоженный эфир») (1951). Использовался метод сплошной выборки, фразеологической идентификации и семантического анализа фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты и обсуждение. Фразеологические единицы современного английского языка с компонентом time можно сгруппировать по семантическому значению. В материале исследования выделяется семь групп со значением: повторяемость (постоянно, часто, иногда), длительность (долго), временной отрезок (ожидание или пустая трата времени), временная точка (благоприятное время), временные отношения (последовательность, своевременность, одновременность), шкала времени (настоящее, прошлое, будущее) и субъективно оцениваемое время (приятное, неприятное). Фразоупотребления встречаются в узуальной и окказиональной форме. Среди прочих были рассмотрены следующие фразеологические единицы для упомянутых фразеосемантических групп: all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time (повторяемость); half the time, take one’s time (длительность); a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time (временной отрезок); in one’s own time (временная точка); one thing at a time, it’s about time, at the same time (временные отношения); for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time (шкала времени); have a good time, have a hard time, give smb a rough time (субъективно оцениваемое время). В контекстном употреблении зачастую раскрываются дополнительные оттенки значения фразеологической единицы. Заключение. Делаются наблюдения об особенностях реализации фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты исследования могут применяться в спецкурсах, семинарах по фразеологической стилистике современного английского языка. Introduction. This article describes the use of phraseological units with the word component “time” on the basis of texts from the literary works of the American writer Irwin Shaw (1913–1984). Aim. To trace the usage of phraseological units with the component “time” in the context of literary texts with the help of semantic and contextual analysis. Material and methods. The research material includes several novels of the author of the fifties and eighties of the twentieth century: “Acceptable Losses” (1982), “Bread Upon Waters” (1981), “Beggarman, Thief” (1977), “Voices of a Summer Day” (1965), “Lucy Crown” (1956), “The Troubled Air” (1951). The method of phraseological semantic analysis was used as well as the method of phraseological identification. Results and discussion. The article considers phraseological contexts in detail concerning their semantics. Set expressions are distinguished by the following meaning: repeatability, duration, time interval, time point, time relations, time scale and subjectively estimated time. Within each group there is an additional separation by differential seme and examples of phraseological units with the discussed meaning. Repeatability (constantly, often, sometimes): all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time. Duration (long): half the time, take one’s time. Time period (waiting or a waste of time): a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time. Time point (favorable time): in one’s own time. Temporary relations (simultaneity, sequence, at the time arranged): one thing at a time, at the same time, it’s about time. Timeline (present, past, future): for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time. Subjectively estimated (pleasant or unpleasant): have a good time, have a hard time and give smb a rough time. Conclusion. Phraseological contexts are found in normal and occasional forms. The usage of phraseological units in speech exposes additional shades of meaning. The actual material and conclusions of this work can be applied in teaching special aspects of phraseological stylistics and the use of modern English set expressions in speech.

Author(s):  
Ирина Петровна Кудрявцева

Введение. На материале текстов художественных произведений английской писательницы Маргарет Дрэббл прослеживается употребление фразеологических единиц с компонентом time. Цель – описать употребление фразеологических единиц современного английского языка с компонентом time в текстах романов М. Дрэббл, а также рассмотреть особенности авторского языка на отобранном материале. Материал и методы. Для выборки фразоупотреблений были взяты основные романы М. Дрэббл 1960–1970-х гг. и два современных романа: «Garrick Year» («Год Гарика», рус. пер. «Один летний сезон») (1964), «The Millstone» («Жернов») (1965), «Jerusalem the Golden» («Мой золотой Иерусалим») (1967), «The Needle’s Eye» («Игольное ушко») (1972), «The Realms of Gold» («Златые миры») (1975), «The Ice Age» («Ледниковый период») (1977), «The Sea Lady» («Морячка») (2006), «The Pure Gold Baby» («Золотой ребенок») (2013). Результаты и обсуждение. Подробно рассматриваются фразоупотребления относительно их семантики и стилистики. Отобранные фразеологические единицы можно сгруппировать по семантическому значению. Выделено семь групп устойчивых выражений со значением повторяемости, длительности, временного отрезка, временной точки, временных отношений, шкалы времени и субъективно оцениваемого времени. Внутри каждой группы идет дополнительное разделение по дифференциальной семе. Повторяемость: постоянно, часто, иногда, никогда. Длительность: долгая, очень долгая, короткая, очень короткая. Временной отрезок: определенного или неопределенного периода, характеризующийся деятельностью или состоянием. Временная точка: благоприятная, неблагоприятная. Временные отношения: начало / конец действия, одновременность, предшествование, последовательность, заблаговременность, своевременность и несвоевременность, почти поздно. Шкала времени: настоящее, прошлое, будущее. Субъективно оцениваемое время: долгое или короткое, приятное или неприятное. Заключение. Фразоупотребления встречаются в узуальной и окказиональной форме. Особенности авторского стиля особенно прослеживаются в окказиональных формах употребления. Результаты исследования могут применяться в преподавании такого особого аспекта, как использование устойчивых выражений современного английского языка в речи. Introduction. This article describes the use of phraseological units with the word component “time” on the basis of texts from the literary works of the English writer Margaret Drabble (1939). Aim and objectives. The article aims to describe the actual usage of modern English phraseological units with the component “time”. The author’s language within the scope of the chosen material is considered as well. Material and methods. The research material includes main novels of the author of the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century and two modern novels: “Garrick Year” (1964), “The Millstone” (1965) “Jerusalem the Golden” (1967), “The Needle’s Eye” (1972), “The Realms of Gold” (1975), “The Ice Age” (1977), “The Sea Lady” (2006), “The Pure Gold Baby” (2013). Results and discussion. The article considers phaseological contexts in detail concerning their semantics and style. Set expressions are distinguished by the following meaning: repeatability, duration, time interval, time point, time relations, time scale and subjectively estimated time. Within each group there is an additional separation by differential seme. Repeatability: constantly, often, sometimes, never. Duration: long, very long, short, very short. Time period: a certain or indefinite period, characterized by an activity or condition. Time point: favorable, unfavorable. Temporary relations: the beginning / end of an action, simultaneity, precedence, sequence, advance, at the time arranged, late and almost late. Timeline: present, past, future. Subjectively estimated time: long or short, pleasant or unpleasant. Conclusion. Phraseological contexts are found in normal and occasional forms. Features of the author’s style are especially evident in occasional forms of use. The actual material and conclusions of this work can be applied in teaching special aspects of phraseological stylistics and the use of modern English set expressions in speech.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Szczepan J. Grzybowski ◽  
Miroslaw Wyczesany ◽  
Jan Kaiser

Abstract. The goal of the study was to explore event-related potential (ERP) differences during the processing of emotional adjectives that were evaluated as congruent or incongruent with the current mood. We hypothesized that the first effects of congruence evaluation would be evidenced during the earliest stages of semantic analysis. Sixty mood adjectives were presented separately for 1,000 ms each during two sessions of mood induction. After each presentation, participants evaluated to what extent the word described their mood. The results pointed to incongruence marking of adjective’s meaning with current mood during early attention orientation and semantic access stages (the P150 component time window). This was followed by enhanced processing of congruent words at later stages. As a secondary goal the study also explored word valence effects and their relation to congruence evaluation. In this regard, no significant effects were observed on the ERPs; however, a negativity bias (enhanced responses to negative adjectives) was noted on the behavioral data (RTs), which could correspond to the small differences traced on the late positive potential.


2017 ◽  
Vol 920 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
F.E. Guliyeva

The study of results of relevant works on remote sensing of forests has shown that the known methods of remote estimation of forest cuts and growth don’t allow to calculate the objective average value of forests cut volume during the fixed time period. The existing mathematical estimates are not monotonous and make it possible to estimate primitively the scale of cutting by computing the ratio of data in two fixed time points. In the article the extreme properties of the considered estimates for deforestation and reforestation models are researched. The extreme features of integrated averaged values of given estimates upon limitations applied on variables, characterizing the deforestation and reforestation processes are studied. The integrated parameter, making it possible to calculate the averaged value of estimates of forest cutting, computed for all fixed time period with a fixed step is suggested. It is shown mathematically that the given estimate has a monotonous feature in regard of value of given time interval and make it possible to evaluate objectively the scales of forest cutting.


2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Madden ◽  
G. Hughes ◽  
M. E. Irwin

A general approach was developed to predict the yield loss of crops in relation to infection by systemic diseases. The approach was based on two premises: (i) disease incidence in a population of plants over time can be described by a nonlinear disease progress model, such as the logistic or monomolecular; and (ii) yield of a plant is a function of time of infection (t) that can be represented by the (negative) exponential or similar model (ζ(t)). Yield loss of a population of plants on a proportional scale (L) can be written as the product of the proportion of the plant population newly infected during a very short time interval (X′(t)dt) and ζ(t), integrated over the time duration of the epidemic. L in the model can be expressed in relation to directly interpretable parameters: maximum per-plant yield loss (α, typically occurring at t = 0); the decline in per-plant loss as time of infection is delayed (γ; units of time-1); and the parameters that characterize disease progress over time, namely, initial disease incidence (X0), rate of disease increase (r; units of time-1), and maximum (or asymptotic) value of disease incidence (K). Based on the model formulation, L ranges from αX0 to αK and increases with increasing X0, r, K, α, and γ-1. The exact effects of these parameters on L were determined with numerical solutions of the model. The model was expanded to predict L when there was spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence among sites within a field and when maximum per-plant yield loss occurred at a time other than the beginning of the epidemic (t > 0). However, the latter two situations had a major impact on L only at high values of r. The modeling approach was demonstrated by analyzing data on soybean yield loss in relation to infection by Soybean mosaic virus, a member of the genus Potyvirus. Based on model solutions, strategies to reduce or minimize yield losses from a given disease can be evaluated.


Author(s):  
Fatma Ghorbel ◽  
Fayçal Hamdi ◽  
Elisabeth Métais

This article proposes a crisp-based approach for representing and reasoning about concepts evolving in time and of their properties in terms of qualitative relations (e.g., “before”) in addition to quantitative ones, time intervals and points. It is not only suitable to handle precise time intervals and points, but also imprecise ones. It extends the 4D-fluents approach with crisp components to represent handed data. It also extends the Allen's interval algebra. This extension allows reasoning about imprecise time intervals. Compared to related work, it is based on crisp set theory. These relations preserve many properties of the original algebra. Their definitions are adapted to allow relating a time interval and a time point, and two time points. All relations can be used for temporal reasoning by means of transitivity tables. Finally, it proposes a crisp ontology that based on the extended Allen's algebra instantiates the 4D-fluents-based representation.


2015 ◽  
Vol 229 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Bell ◽  
Jichang Wang

AbstractIn this research, it was found that following the photo-dissolution of the intermediate product N-bromo-1,4-benzoquinone-4-imine in the bromate – 4-aminophenol reaction, removal of illumination may allow the system to exhibit spontaneous chemical oscillations. This new observation complements the earlier report that the bromate – 4-aminophenol reaction could only oscillate under continuous illumination. Our exploration illustrates that the initial concentrations of bromate, 4-aminophenol and sulfuric acid have great influence on whether or not the system requires constant illumination for exhibiting oscillatory behavior. There is indeed an optimal illumination time interval at which the subsequently un-illuminated system would exhibit a large number of high frequency oscillations with or without an induction time period. Similar influences were also observed in the presence of cerium, in which the system exhibited sequential oscillations. Being able to respond to light in both a negative and constructive way makes this oscillatory system an attractive model for investigating perturbed nonlinear reaction dynamics.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 1775-1778
Author(s):  
Hui Fen Li ◽  
Jian Wei He ◽  
Hong Yan Li ◽  
Zheng Xu Dai ◽  
Qing Ji

Releasing beacon balloons is an effective way for space TT&C ship to obtain accurate comparison data and an important resource for accuracy evaluation. However, it is hard for theodolite to keep track beacon balloon stably for a long time. Its function has not been realized because the time period of the effective data is so short that it can not satisfy the request of traditional accuracy evaluation test. Aiming at this problem, this paper suggests an assumption of accuracy evaluation based on dynamic time interval non-continuous variable data. Utilizing self–adaptive outlier detection method and fitting residual error method, this paper solves the puzzle of dealing with dynamic time interval data which can not be treated by existing method, and realizes the self-determination of space TT&C ship accuracy evaluation test.


Author(s):  
Xiaoping Du

Quality characteristics (QC’s) are often treated static in robust design optimization while many of them are time dependent in reality. It is therefore desirable to define new robustness metrics for time-dependent QC’s. This work shows that using the robustness metrics of static QC’s for those of time-dependent QC’s may lead to erroneous design results. To this end, we propose the criteria of establishing new robustness metrics for time-dependent QC’s and then define new robustness metrics. Instead of using a point expected quality loss over the time period of interest, we use the expectation of the maximal quality loss over the time period to quantify the robustness for time-dependent QC’s. Through a four-bar function generator mechanism analysis, we demonstrate that the new robustness metrics can capture the full information of robustness of a time-dependent QC over a time interval. The new robustness metrics can then be used as objective functions for time-dependent robust design optimization.


Author(s):  
Raj S. Bhopal

In epidemiology, risk refers to the likelihood, or in statistical language probability, of an individual in a defined population developing a disease or other adverse health problem. The prime measures of disease frequency, including probability of outcomes, in epidemiology are incidence rates and prevalence proportions. The incidence rate is the number of new cases in relation to a population, time, and place. Prevalence proportion measures all disease or a risk factor in a population, either at a particular time (point prevalence) or over a time period (period prevalence, lifetime prevalence). Rates and proportions are most accurately presented by age and sex groups (‘specific’ rates and proportions), but for ease of interpretation they may be grouped as overall, actual (crude) rates. The collection of both disease, risk factor and population data to achieve accurate figures of incidence rates and prevalence proportions is problematic, and remains a major challenge.


2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (01) ◽  
pp. 08-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Happel ◽  
N. Döbert ◽  
F. Grünwald ◽  
L. Spilker

SummaryAim: The effectiveness of radioiodine therapy (RIT) is proven. The aim of this study was to determine, how much time passes between diagnosis of thyroid autonomy or occurrence of functional and/or local symptoms on one hand and RIT on the other hand. Patients, methods: This retrospective study comprises 196 patients, who were treated with radioiodine for thyroid autonomy between 2002 and 2005. Evaluated parameters are begin of functional and/ or local symptoms, first scintigraphy with relevant Tc-Uptake as time point of primary diagnosis of thyroid autonomy and time point of implementation of RIT. Results: Between first scintigraphy with relevant Tc-Uptake and implementation of RIT 0–72 months passed (median: 3 months). 160 patients (81.6%) had a prior diagnosis of goitre by their general practitioner and 163 patients (83.3%) had a prior diagnosis of TSH suppression. The time period between first recommendation of RIT and implementation of RIT was 0–89 months (median: 2 months). In 142 patients (71.4%) functional and/or local symptoms were present over 73 months (median; range: 0–180 months) before the first scintigraphy with therapy relevant Tc-Uptake was conducted. Conclusion: Despite clear recommendations in corresponding guidelines too much time passes between first symptoms (median: 73 months), primary diagnosis of therapy relevant thyroid autonomy (median: 2 months) and implementation of RIT. Patients with functional and/or local symptoms should be examined for thyroid autonomy early. If thyroid autonomy is proven, RIT should be planned immediately, especially in high-risk patients.


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