SEMANTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE COMPONENT “TIME” IN THE NOVELS BY MARGARET DRABBLE

Введение. На материале текстов художественных произведений английской писательницы Маргарет Дрэббл прослеживается употребление фразеологических единиц с компонентом time. Цель – описать употребление фразеологических единиц современного английского языка с компонентом time в текстах романов М. Дрэббл, а также рассмотреть особенности авторского языка на отобранном материале. Материал и методы. Для выборки фразоупотреблений были взяты основные романы М. Дрэббл 1960–1970-х гг. и два современных романа: «Garrick Year» («Год Гарика», рус. пер. «Один летний сезон») (1964), «The Millstone» («Жернов») (1965), «Jerusalem the Golden» («Мой золотой Иерусалим») (1967), «The Needle’s Eye» («Игольное ушко») (1972), «The Realms of Gold» («Златые миры») (1975), «The Ice Age» («Ледниковый период») (1977), «The Sea Lady» («Морячка») (2006), «The Pure Gold Baby» («Золотой ребенок») (2013). Результаты и обсуждение. Подробно рассматриваются фразоупотребления относительно их семантики и стилистики. Отобранные фразеологические единицы можно сгруппировать по семантическому значению. Выделено семь групп устойчивых выражений со значением повторяемости, длительности, временного отрезка, временной точки, временных отношений, шкалы времени и субъективно оцениваемого времени. Внутри каждой группы идет дополнительное разделение по дифференциальной семе. Повторяемость: постоянно, часто, иногда, никогда. Длительность: долгая, очень долгая, короткая, очень короткая. Временной отрезок: определенного или неопределенного периода, характеризующийся деятельностью или состоянием. Временная точка: благоприятная, неблагоприятная. Временные отношения: начало / конец действия, одновременность, предшествование, последовательность, заблаговременность, своевременность и несвоевременность, почти поздно. Шкала времени: настоящее, прошлое, будущее. Субъективно оцениваемое время: долгое или короткое, приятное или неприятное. Заключение. Фразоупотребления встречаются в узуальной и окказиональной форме. Особенности авторского стиля особенно прослеживаются в окказиональных формах употребления. Результаты исследования могут применяться в преподавании такого особого аспекта, как использование устойчивых выражений современного английского языка в речи. Introduction. This article describes the use of phraseological units with the word component “time” on the basis of texts from the literary works of the English writer Margaret Drabble (1939). Aim and objectives. The article aims to describe the actual usage of modern English phraseological units with the component “time”. The author’s language within the scope of the chosen material is considered as well. Material and methods. The research material includes main novels of the author of the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century and two modern novels: “Garrick Year” (1964), “The Millstone” (1965) “Jerusalem the Golden” (1967), “The Needle’s Eye” (1972), “The Realms of Gold” (1975), “The Ice Age” (1977), “The Sea Lady” (2006), “The Pure Gold Baby” (2013). Results and discussion. The article considers phaseological contexts in detail concerning their semantics and style. Set expressions are distinguished by the following meaning: repeatability, duration, time interval, time point, time relations, time scale and subjectively estimated time. Within each group there is an additional separation by differential seme. Repeatability: constantly, often, sometimes, never. Duration: long, very long, short, very short. Time period: a certain or indefinite period, characterized by an activity or condition. Time point: favorable, unfavorable. Temporary relations: the beginning / end of an action, simultaneity, precedence, sequence, advance, at the time arranged, late and almost late. Timeline: present, past, future. Subjectively estimated time: long or short, pleasant or unpleasant. Conclusion. Phraseological contexts are found in normal and occasional forms. Features of the author’s style are especially evident in occasional forms of use. The actual material and conclusions of this work can be applied in teaching special aspects of phraseological stylistics and the use of modern English set expressions in speech.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF MODERN ENGLISH WITH THE COMPONENT “TIME” IN THE FIFTIES-EIGHTIES AMERICAN NOVELS BY IRWIN SHAW

Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin ◽

10.23951/1609-624x-2021-3-85-91 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Ирина Петровна Кудрявцева

Keyword(s):

Semantic Analysis ◽

Literary Texts ◽

Good Time ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Duration ◽

American Novels ◽

Hard Time ◽

Time Period ◽

Component Time ◽

Введение. Исследуются фразеологические единицы с компонентом time в текстах литературных произведений известного американского писателя Ирвина Шоу (1913–1984). Цель – рассмотреть функционирование фразеологических единиц с компонентом time в англоязычном художественном тексте с помощью семантического и контекстуального анализа. Материал и методы. Материал исследования отбирался в романах: «Acceptable Losses» («Допустимые потери») (1982), «Bread Upon Waters» («Хлеб по водам») (1981), «Beggarman, Thief» («Нищий, вор») (1977), «Voices of a Summer Day» («Голоса летнего дня») (1965), «Lucy Crown» («Люси Краун») (1956), «The Troubled Air» («Растревоженный эфир») (1951). Использовался метод сплошной выборки, фразеологической идентификации и семантического анализа фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты и обсуждение. Фразеологические единицы современного английского языка с компонентом time можно сгруппировать по семантическому значению. В материале исследования выделяется семь групп со значением: повторяемость (постоянно, часто, иногда), длительность (долго), временной отрезок (ожидание или пустая трата времени), временная точка (благоприятное время), временные отношения (последовательность, своевременность, одновременность), шкала времени (настоящее, прошлое, будущее) и субъективно оцениваемое время (приятное, неприятное). Фразоупотребления встречаются в узуальной и окказиональной форме. Среди прочих были рассмотрены следующие фразеологические единицы для упомянутых фразеосемантических групп: all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time (повторяемость); half the time, take one’s time (длительность); a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time (временной отрезок); in one’s own time (временная точка); one thing at a time, it’s about time, at the same time (временные отношения); for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time (шкала времени); have a good time, have a hard time, give smb a rough time (субъективно оцениваемое время). В контекстном употреблении зачастую раскрываются дополнительные оттенки значения фразеологической единицы. Заключение. Делаются наблюдения об особенностях реализации фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты исследования могут применяться в спецкурсах, семинарах по фразеологической стилистике современного английского языка. Introduction. This article describes the use of phraseological units with the word component “time” on the basis of texts from the literary works of the American writer Irwin Shaw (1913–1984). Aim. To trace the usage of phraseological units with the component “time” in the context of literary texts with the help of semantic and contextual analysis. Material and methods. The research material includes several novels of the author of the fifties and eighties of the twentieth century: “Acceptable Losses” (1982), “Bread Upon Waters” (1981), “Beggarman, Thief” (1977), “Voices of a Summer Day” (1965), “Lucy Crown” (1956), “The Troubled Air” (1951). The method of phraseological semantic analysis was used as well as the method of phraseological identification. Results and discussion. The article considers phraseological contexts in detail concerning their semantics. Set expressions are distinguished by the following meaning: repeatability, duration, time interval, time point, time relations, time scale and subjectively estimated time. Within each group there is an additional separation by differential seme and examples of phraseological units with the discussed meaning. Repeatability (constantly, often, sometimes): all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time. Duration (long): half the time, take one’s time. Time period (waiting or a waste of time): a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time. Time point (favorable time): in one’s own time. Temporary relations (simultaneity, sequence, at the time arranged): one thing at a time, at the same time, it’s about time. Timeline (present, past, future): for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time. Subjectively estimated (pleasant or unpleasant): have a good time, have a hard time and give smb a rough time. Conclusion. Phraseological contexts are found in normal and occasional forms. The usage of phraseological units in speech exposes additional shades of meaning. The actual material and conclusions of this work can be applied in teaching special aspects of phraseological stylistics and the use of modern English set expressions in speech.

Analysis of the development of selected indicators of the demographic statics and dynamics of the Czech Republic in 1993–2003

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200553060129 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 129-144

Author(s):

Milan Palát ◽

Erich Maca

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Time Interval ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Live Births ◽

Natural Reproduction ◽

Territorial Unit ◽

Exact Evaluation ◽

Statics And Dynamics ◽

Short Time ◽

The paper is aimed at the presentation of findings obtained in the study of the average level, variability, dynamics, developmental trends and a short-time point extrapolation prediction of the population in the Czech Republic and their structure according to gender and scale of the economic generation. In addition to the exact evaluation of the selected indicators, the analysis is also aimed to general rates of natural reproduction of population and their movement in the defined territorial unit and time interval 1993–2003. There are also presented relative rates of marriages, divorces, live births and deaths to mid-year population.

Bitcoin price prediction using ARIMA and LSTM

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202021801050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 218 ◽

pp. 01050

Author(s):

Yiqing Hua

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Arima Model ◽

Time Interval ◽

Short Time Interval ◽

Time Period ◽

Efficient Prediction ◽

Model Training ◽

Time Price ◽

Lstm Network ◽

The goal of this paper is to compare the accuracy of bitcoin price in USD prediction based on two different model, Long Short term Memory (LSTM) network and ARIMA model. Real-time price data is collected by Pycurl from Bitfine. LSTM model is implemented by Keras and TensorFlow. ARIMA model used in this paper is mainly to present a classical comparison of time series forecasting, as expected, it could make efficient prediction limited in short-time interval, and the outcome depends on the time period. The LSTM could reach a better performance, with extra, indispensable time for model training, especially via CPU.

Stability of tris-1,10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex in different composites

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq100204028l ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dragica Lazic ◽

Branko Skundric ◽

Jelena Penavin-Skundric ◽

Slavica Sladojevic ◽

Ljubica Vasiljevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Iron ◽

Time Interval ◽

Short Time Interval ◽

Time Period ◽

Huge Impact ◽

Limited Application ◽

The Stability ◽

Short Time ◽

Composite Samples

The composition of composites has a huge impact on the stability of tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex during the determination of total iron. The subject of this work is determination the stability of tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex in different composites. Composites with different concentration in which total iron was determined were alumina and zeolite. Stability of this complex was monitored in a time period of 0-60 min. The aim of this work is to determine the concentration of different composite samples and the time interval in which the stability of the complex is the highest. The spectrophotometric method was used for the determination. The tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex with alumina is more stable at higher concentration of the samples. With zeolite, however, this complex is stable in a short time interval, regardless of the concentration of the sample. This conclusion indicates on increase of absorption, which is a consequence of impede complex formation and creating a new complex. For this reason, this method has only a limited application.

World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2012-12-61-83 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 61-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Ershov

Keyword(s):

World Economy ◽

Western World ◽

Short Time Period ◽

Market Segments ◽

Junk Bonds ◽

The Past ◽

Time Period ◽

The Us ◽

Global Liquidity ◽

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i3.871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽

Hina Nadeem ◽

Eiman Ayesha ◽

Rabail Alam

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age. Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

Utilization of remote sensing for estimation of scale of cutting and growing of forest zones

Geodesy and Cartography ◽

10.22389/0016-7126-2017-920-2-57-60 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 920 (2) ◽

pp. 57-60

Author(s):

F.E. Guliyeva

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Fixed Time ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Points ◽

Average Value ◽

Time Period ◽

Remote Estimation ◽

The Given ◽

Forest Cutting

The study of results of relevant works on remote sensing of forests has shown that the known methods of remote estimation of forest cuts and growth don’t allow to calculate the objective average value of forests cut volume during the fixed time period. The existing mathematical estimates are not monotonous and make it possible to estimate primitively the scale of cutting by computing the ratio of data in two fixed time points. In the article the extreme properties of the considered estimates for deforestation and reforestation models are researched. The extreme features of integrated averaged values of given estimates upon limitations applied on variables, characterizing the deforestation and reforestation processes are studied. The integrated parameter, making it possible to calculate the averaged value of estimates of forest cutting, computed for all fixed time period with a fixed step is suggested. It is shown mathematically that the given estimate has a monotonous feature in regard of value of given time interval and make it possible to evaluate objectively the scales of forest cutting.

Neuro-Inspired Computing with Spin-VCSELs

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11094232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4232

Author(s):

Krishan Harkhoe ◽

Guy Verschaffelt ◽

Guy Van der Sande

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Delay Time ◽

High Speed ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Polarization Modulation ◽

Time Interval ◽

Computing Technique ◽

High Modulation ◽

Short Time ◽

Modulation Speed

Delay-based reservoir computing (RC), a neuromorphic computing technique, has gathered lots of interest, as it promises compact and high-speed RC implementations. To further boost the computing speeds, we introduce and study an RC setup based on spin-VCSELs, thereby exploiting the high polarization modulation speed inherent to these lasers. Based on numerical simulations, we benchmarked this setup against state-of-the-art delay-based RC systems and its parameter space was analyzed for optimal performance. The high modulation speed enabled us to have more virtual nodes in a shorter time interval. However, we found that at these short time scales, the delay time and feedback rate heavily influence the nonlinear dynamics. Therefore, and contrary to other laser-based RC systems, the delay time has to be optimized in order to obtain good RC performances. We achieved state-of-the-art performances on a benchmark timeseries prediction task. This spin-VCSEL-based RC system shows a ten-fold improvement in processing speed, which can further be enhanced in a straightforward way by increasing the birefringence of the VCSEL chip.

Neural Network Approach for Global Solar Irradiance Prediction at Extremely Short-Time-Intervals Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1213

Author(s):

Ahmed Aljanad ◽

Nadia M. L. Tan ◽

Vassilios G. Agelidis ◽

Hussain Shareef

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Particle Swarm Optimization ◽

Solar Irradiance ◽

Particle Swarm ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Swarm Optimization ◽

Backpropagation Neural Networks ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Hourly global solar irradiance (GSR) data are required for sizing, planning, and modeling of solar photovoltaic farms. However, operating and controlling such farms exposed to varying environmental conditions, such as fast passing clouds, necessitates GSR data to be available for very short time intervals. Classical backpropagation neural networks do not perform satisfactorily when predicting parameters within short intervals. This paper proposes a hybrid backpropagation neural networks based on particle swarm optimization. The particle swarm algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm within the backpropagation neural networks to optimize the number of hidden layers and neurons used and its learning rate. The proposed model can be used as a reliable model in predicting changes in the solar irradiance during short time interval in tropical regions such as Malaysia and other regions. Actual global solar irradiance data of 5-s and 1-min intervals, recorded by weather stations, are applied to train and test the proposed algorithm. Moreover, to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the proposed technique, two different cases are evaluated using 1-day and 3-days profiles, for two different time intervals of 1-min and 5-s each. A set of statistical error indices have been introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. From the results obtained, the 3-days profile’s performance evaluation of the BPNN-PSO are 1.7078 of RMSE, 0.7537 of MAE, 0.0292 of MSE, and 31.4348 of MAPE (%), at 5-s time interval, where the obtained results of 1-min interval are 0.6566 of RMSE, 0.2754 of MAE, 0.0043 of MSE, and 1.4732 of MAPE (%). The results revealed that proposed model outperformed the standalone backpropagation neural networks method in predicting global solar irradiance values for extremely short-time intervals. In addition to that, the proposed model exhibited high level of predictability compared to other existing models.

Efficacy of compressed sodium chloride (CSC) against E. coli and Candida auris in minutes and methods improvement for testing

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79212-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lan N. Truong ◽

Brayden D. Whitlock

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Improved Method ◽

Candida Auris ◽

Antimicrobial Surfaces ◽

E Coli ◽

Route Of Transmission ◽

The World ◽

Short Time ◽

First Time ◽

AbstractControlling infections has become one of the biggest problems in the world, whether measured in lives lost or money spent. This is worsening as pathogens continue becoming resistant to therapeutics. Antimicrobial surfaces are one strategy being investigated in an attempt to decrease the spread of infections through the most common route of transmission: surfaces, including hands. Regulators have chosen two hours as the time point at which efficacy should be measured. The objectives of this study were to characterize the new antimicrobial surface compressed sodium chloride (CSC) so that its action may be understood at timepoints more relevant to real-time infection control, under two minutes; to develop a sensitive method to test efficacy at short time points; and to investigate antifungal properties for the first time. E. coli and Candida auris are added to surfaces, and the surfaces are monitored by contact plate, or by washing into collection vats. An improved method of testing antimicrobial efficacy is reported. Antimicrobial CSC achieves at least 99.9% reduction of E. coli in the first two minutes of contact, and at least 99% reduction of C. auris in one minute.