Exploration of data-driven midsole algorithm design based in biomechanics data and Voronoi 3D to digital manufacturing.

This study proposed the creation of an algorithm for the elaboration of a midsole customized by functionalparameters and generative systems, with production through digital manufacturing. The computationalresources used are the Rhinoceros® program and the Grasshopper® extension. The primitives are given in a".asc" format for the plantar pressure distribution test; the position of the insole sensors (.jpeg); 3D geometryof the midsole parameterized from the outline of a common insole. The developed algorithm operates byconverting midsole geometry (brep) into point cloud complemented with a point cloud based on the positionof the sensors and the remapped values of maximum pressure into integer numbers. Voronoi 3D componentcell structure is generated by the overlapping point clouds. Based on the incorporation of an external algorithm,it was possible to obtain an open cell mesh structure. The digital manufacturing of the geometry was testedthrough three-dimensional printing similar to the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process in rigid lactic acid(PLA) and flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). It was observed in the model printed on flexible materialthat the increase in the density of cells in the regions of greater pressure contributes to the increase in localstiffness, which may imply the individualization of the functional requirements of footwear. Nine customizationpossibilities are presented by changing three different variables, related to the density of points of the basegeometry and the conversion of pressure values. The third variable was the thickness of the final structure as afunction of the volume scale and faces of the three-dimensional cells generated by the 3D Voronoi. It isconcluded that the import of real data from biomechanical testing for parametric modeling in Grasshopper®could contribute to the design of shoes individualized by the aesthetic and functional requirements of eachconsumer.

Download Full-text

Replica Fabrication of a Greek Paleontological Find Utilising Laser Scanning and Fused Deposition Modeling

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.795 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 657 ◽

pp. 795-799 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anastasios Chatzikonstantinou ◽

Dimitrios Tzetzis ◽

Panagiotis Kyratsis ◽

Nikolaos Bilalis

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Analytical Methodology ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

The current work demonstrates a feasibility study on the generation of a copy, having a highly complex geometry, of a Greek paleontological find utilising reverse engineering and low-cost rapid prototyping techniques. A part of the jaw bone of a cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) that lived during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 10,000 years ago was digitized using a three-dimensional laser scanner. The resulting point-cloud of the scans was treated with a series of advanced software for the creation of surfaces and ultimately for a digital model. The generated model was three-dimensionally built by the aid of a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) apparatus. An analytical methodology is presented revealing the step by step approach from the scanning to the prototyping. It is believed that a variety of interested parties could benefit from such an analytical approach, including, production engineers, three-dimensional CAD users and designers, paleontologists and museum curators.

Download Full-text

Research on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Technology Based on the Data of Hybrid Measurement

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1039.30 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1039 ◽

pp. 30-35

Author(s):

Wei Liu ◽

Lu Yue Ju ◽

Cheng Hui Lin

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Parametric Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Registration Method ◽

Engine Part ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Feature Based

Hybrid measurement method is proposed to solve the problem that the partial or whole three-dimensional reconstruction accuracy of aviation engine parts is high. The point clouds of the aviation engine part are captured first using contact and non-contact measuring method. Feature-based parametric modeling strategy is adopted to reconstruct the aviation engine part so that it is easy to be modified in the future. Then, the point cloud data obtained by contact measurement and the reconstructed model are registrated to the same coordinate system to detect the deviation. The point cloud registration method is based upon the feature-based registration method and standard Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, which help to improve the accuracy of registration. According to the result of deviation, the three-dimensional model can be modified. The accuracy of the modified model is controlled within 0.02mm, satisfying the requirement of aviation engine parts. Three-dimensional reconstruction results have verified the feasibility of the method.

Download Full-text

Thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional printed functional prototypes for electro chemical energy storage

International Journal of Computational Physics Series ◽

10.29167/a1i1p1-11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamaljit Singh Boparai ◽

Rupinder Singh

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Chemical Energy ◽

Flow Index ◽

Fused Deposition

This study highlights the thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional (3D) printed functional prototypes by fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. These functional prototypes have some applications as electro-chemical energy storage devices (EESD). Initially, the suitability of ABS-Graphene composite material for FDM applications has been examined by melt flow index (MFI) test. After establishing MFI, the feedstock filament for FDM has been prepared by an extrusion process. The fabricated filament has been used for printing 3D functional prototypes for printing of in-house EESD. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis was conducted to understand the effect on glass transition temperature with the inclusion of Graphene (Gr) particles. It has been observed that the reinforced Gr particles act as a thermal reservoir (sink) and enhances its thermal/electrical conductivity. Also, FT-IR spectra realized the structural changes with the inclusion of Gr in ABS matrix. The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based micrographs for understanding the morphological changes.

Download Full-text

Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals: Contemporary Research and Applications

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190110155931 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (42) ◽

pp. 4991-5008 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mohammed S. Algahtani ◽

Abdul Aleem Mohammed ◽

Javed Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Personalised Medicine ◽

Organ Transplant ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Release Profile ◽

Small Scale ◽

Drug Release Profile ◽

Fused Deposition

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has a significant impact on organ transplant, cosmetic surgery, surgical planning, prosthetics and other medical fields. Recently, 3 DP attracted the attention as a promising method for the production of small-scale drug production. The knowledge expansion about the population differences in metabolism and genetics grows the need for personalised medicine substantially. In personalised medicine, the patient receives a tailored dose and the release profile is based on his pharmacokinetics data. 3 DP is expected to be one of the leading solutions for the personalisation of the drug dispensing. This technology can fabricate a drug-device with complicated geometries and fillings to obtain the needed drug release profile. The extrusionbased 3 DP is the most explored method for investigating the feasibility of the technology to produce a novel dosage form with properties that are difficult to achieve using the conventional industrial methods. Extrusionbased 3 DP is divided into two techniques, the semi-solid extrusion (SSE) and the fused deposition modeling (FDM). This review aims to explain the extrusion principles behind the two techniques and discuss their capabilities to fabricate novel dosage forms. The advantages and limitations observed through the application of SSE and FDM for fabrication of drug dosage forms were discussed in this review. Further exploration and development are required to implement this technology in the healthcare frontline for more effective and personalised treatment.

Download Full-text

Multi-Dimensional Underwater Point Cloud Detection Based on Deep Learning

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21030884 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 884

Author(s):

Chia-Ming Tsai ◽

Yi-Horng Lai ◽

Yung-Da Sun ◽

Yu-Jen Chung ◽

Jau-Woei Perng

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Training Data ◽

Network Architectures ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Data Types ◽

Raw Data ◽

Cloud Data

Numerous sensors can obtain images or point cloud data on land, however, the rapid attenuation of electromagnetic signals and the lack of light in water have been observed to restrict sensing functions. This study expands the utilization of two- and three-dimensional detection technologies in underwater applications to detect abandoned tires. A three-dimensional acoustic sensor, the BV5000, is used in this study to collect underwater point cloud data. Some pre-processing steps are proposed to remove noise and the seabed from raw data. Point clouds are then processed to obtain two data types: a 2D image and a 3D point cloud. Deep learning methods with different dimensions are used to train the models. In the two-dimensional method, the point cloud is transferred into a bird’s eye view image. The Faster R-CNN and YOLOv3 network architectures are used to detect tires. Meanwhile, in the three-dimensional method, the point cloud associated with a tire is cut out from the raw data and is used as training data. The PointNet and PointConv network architectures are then used for tire classification. The results show that both approaches provide good accuracy.

Download Full-text

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998320988568 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002199832098856

Author(s):

Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽

Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

Download Full-text

On the Post-Processing of 3D-Printed ABS Parts

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13101559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1559

Author(s):

Mohammad Reza Khosravani ◽

Jonas Schüürmann ◽

Filippo Berto ◽

Tamara Reinicke

Keyword(s):

Surface Treatment ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Fracture Load ◽

Post Processing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Dog Bone ◽

3D Printed

Application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) has significantly increased in the past few years. AM also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing has been currently used in fabrication of prototypes and end-use products. Considering the new applications of additively manufactured components, it is necessary to study structural details of these parts. In the current study, influence of a post-processing on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts has been investigated. To this aim, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material was used to produce test coupons based on the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process. More in deep, a device was designed and fabricated to fix imperfection and provide smooth surfaces on the 3D-printed ABS specimens. Later, original and treated specimens were subjected to a series of tensile loads, three-point bending tests, and water absorption tests. The experimental tests indicated fracture load in untreated dog-bone shaped specimen was 2026.1 N which was decreased to 1951.7 N after surface treatment. Moreover, the performed surface treatment was lead and decrease in tensile strength from 29.37 MPa to 26.25 MPa. Comparison of the results confirmed effects of the surface modification on the fracture toughness of the examined semi-circular bending components. Moreover, a 3D laser microscope was used for visual investigation of the specimens. The documented results are beneficial for next designs and optimization of finishing processes.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Depth Camera and Terrestrial Laser Scanner in Monitoring Structural Deflections

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21010201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Michael Bekele Maru ◽

Donghwan Lee ◽

Kassahun Demissie Tola ◽

Seunghee Park

Keyword(s):

Optical Sensors ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Depth Camera ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanner ◽

Cloud Data ◽

3D Point Clouds ◽

3D Information

Modeling a structure in the virtual world using three-dimensional (3D) information enhances our understanding, while also aiding in the visualization, of how a structure reacts to any disturbance. Generally, 3D point clouds are used for determining structural behavioral changes. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is one of the crucial ways by which a 3D point cloud dataset can be generated. Additionally, 3D cameras are commonly used to develop a point cloud containing many points on the external surface of an object around it. The main objective of this study was to compare the performance of optical sensors, namely a depth camera (DC) and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) in estimating structural deflection. We also utilized bilateral filtering techniques, which are commonly used in image processing, on the point cloud data for enhancing their accuracy and increasing the application prospects of these sensors in structure health monitoring. The results from these sensors were validated by comparing them with the outputs from a linear variable differential transformer sensor, which was mounted on the beam during an indoor experiment. The results showed that the datasets obtained from both the sensors were acceptable for nominal deflections of 3 mm and above because the error range was less than ±10%. However, the result obtained from the TLS were better than those obtained from the DC.

Download Full-text

Synthesis and properties of modified PBT for FDM

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-12-2015-0197 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 804-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shiqing Cao ◽

Dandan Yu ◽

Weilan Xue ◽

Zuoxiang Zeng ◽

Wanyu Zhu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sebacic Acid ◽

Wire Drawing ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare a new modified polybutylene terephalate (MPBT) for fused deposition modeling (FDM) to increase the variety of materials compatible with printing. And the printing materials can be used to print components with a complex structure and functional mechanical parts. Design/methodology/approach The MPBT, poly(butylene terephalate-co-isophthalate-co-sebacate) (PBTIS), was prepared for FDM by direct esterification and subsequent polycondensation using terephthalic acid (PTA), isophthalic acid (PIA), sebacic acid (SA) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO). The effects of the content of PIA (20-40 mol%) on the mechanical properties of PBTIS were investigated when the mole per cent of SA (αSA) is zero. The effects of αSA (0-7mol%) on the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of PBTIS were investigated at nPTA/nPIA = 7/3. A desktop wire drawing and extruding machine was used to fabricate the filaments, whose printability and anisotropy were tested by three-dimensional (3D) printing experiments. Findings A candidate content of PIA introducing into PBT was obtained to be about 30 per cent, and the Izod notched impact strength of PBTIS increased with the increase of αSA. The results showed that the PBTIS (nPTA/nPIA = 7/3, αSA = 3-5mol%) is suitable for FDM. Originality/value New printing materials with good Izod notched impact strength were obtained by introducing PIA and SA (nPTA/nPIA = 7/3, αSA = 3-5 mol%) into PBT and their anisotropy are better than that of ABS.

Download Full-text

Mesh-Type Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing of Human Organs and Tumors: Fast, Cost-Effective, and Personalized Anatomic Modeling of Patient-Oriented Visual Aids

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1047

Author(s):

Jungirl Seok ◽

Sungmin Yoon ◽

Chang Hwan Ryu ◽

Junsun Ryu ◽

Seok-ki Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

3D Modeling ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Tumor Location ◽

Visual Aids ◽

Surgical Specimen ◽

Personalized Care ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Mesh Work

Although three-dimensional (3D)-printed anatomic models are not new to medicine, the high costs and lengthy production times entailed have limited their application. Our goal was developing a new and less costly 3D modeling method to depict organ-tumor relations at faster printing speeds. We have devised a method of 3D modeling using tomographic images. Coordinates are extracted at a specified interval, connecting them to create mesh-work replicas. Adjacent constructs are depicted by density variations, showing anatomic targets (i.e., tumors) in contrasting colors. An array of organ solid-tumor models was printed via a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printer at significantly less cost ($0.05/cm3) and time expenditure (1.73 min/cm3; both, p < 0.001). Printed models helped promote visual appreciation of organ-tumor anatomy and adjacent tissues. Our mesh-work 3D thyroidal prototype reproduced glandular size/contour and tumor location, readily approximating the surgical specimen. This newly devised mesh-type 3D printing method may facilitate anatomic modeling for personalized care and improve patient awareness during informed surgical consent.

Download Full-text