scholarly journals The development of family planning in Finland from the 1960s to the 1990s

2000 ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Marketta Ritamies

The purpose of this article is to examine the development of family planning in Finland from the 1960s to the 199Os by comparing the results from several studies representing the entire country. First we will examine ideals concerning family size and the spacing of children. We will then focus on the conditions necessary for families to realize these ideals, which will include an examination of what families know about birth control and what contraceptive methods are available to them. Finally we will assess how family size ideals were realized - did the final number of children correspond to the family size set as a goal. ln the 1960s and the 1970s Finns were already considering a relatively small family as ideal, and essentially there has been no change in this ideal. The realization of family size ideals was still hindered in the early 1970s by the scarcity of information about sexual matters and the use of unreliable birth control methods. Couples ended up with a larger family than what they had considered ideal. With the spread of reliable contraceptive methods and the increase in knowledge about sexual matters starting in the 1970s, the final number of children in a family started to correspond to the ideal at the end of the decade. At the end of the 1980s the final number of children was already smaller than the ideal. Because there are deficiencies in the comparability of the studies made at different points of time, the results presented in the article should be examined with reservations, and seen mainly as demonstrating trends at the group level.

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei

SummaryA summary of 298 male and 358 female respondents in the Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea in 1981 revealed a relatively high level of contraceptive awareness, but the level of contraceptive use is low. However, the overall current usages of non-traditional methods for the wives of the male and for the female respondents are 34–2% and 37% respectively. The male and the female respondents have the same views on the ideal family size—approximately three children.


1966 ◽  
Vol 59 (11P1) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153
Author(s):  
Robert Smith

Dr Robert Smith surveys the history of birth control and sounds a warning for the future of mankind, if the population explosion is allowed to continue unchecked. He stresses the importance of the role of the general practitioner in the limitation of births. Sir Theodore Fox describes the work of the Family Planning Association and stresses that, increasingly, this is a specialist service covering all aspects of fertility. He also feels that the general practitioner has a role in family planning.


2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-446
Author(s):  
Roberto Grasso

In the fifth book of Plato's Laws (745e7–746a8), the Athenian stranger concedes that some requirements posed in the description of the ideal city might be unrealistically demanding. The passage quotes the due limits fixed with regard to wealth and the regulations about the number of children and the size of the family, as well as the rules to be observed in the allocation of houses in the city and in the countryside. The latter requirement is recalled at 746a6–7 (ἔτι δὲ χώρας τε καὶ ἄστεος, ὡς εἴρηκεν, μεσότητάς τε καὶ ἐν κύκλῳ οἰκήσεις πάντῃ), where the word μεσότης is unanimously understood as indicating a geographic notion of ‘middle’, with regard to either the position of the houses in the ideal city, or that of the city in the territory.


1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
Jon Stene

For family data where some of the children may have a certain inherited disorder, the number of affected children has usually been assumed to be binomially distributed given the total number of children in the family. In this assumption is included the assumption that the distribution of the total number of children does not depend on the probability that a child is affected. For many disorders this assumption is unlikely to hold because the birth of an affected child may lead either to some sort of family limitation or to some sort of overcompensation. In such cases models other than the binomial distribution have to be used.


Author(s):  
Gilmara Marcondes Silvério Medeiros ◽  
Luciana Tenório de Negreiros ◽  
Janize Silva Maia

O Planejamento Familiar é o exercício da paternidade responsável, ou seja, a utilização voluntária e consciente, por parte do casal, do instrumento necessário ao estabelecimento do número de filhos e do espaçamento entre uma gestação e outra. Este estudo tem por objetivo mostrar a importância da função exercida pelo enfermeiro, no contexto da educação em saúde no planejamento familiar, através de uma pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica elaborada a partir de artigos publicados em periódicos e revistas nas bases de dados eletrônicos, como Lilacs e Scielo dos últimos seis anos. A sociedade Civil Bem-Estar Familiar no Brasil teve como estratégia o treinamento de profissionais de saúde para a prática do planejamento familiar. A educação em saúde é um processo de ensino/aprendizagem que visa à promoção da saúde e o profissional enfermeiro é o mediador para que isso ocorra. É um educador preparado para propor estratégias no intuito de oferecer caminhos que possibilitem transformações nas pessoas.Descritores: Planejamento Familiar, Profissional Enfermeiro, Educação em Saúde. The nursing acting in the family planningAbstract: The family planning is the exercise of the responsible paternity, in other words, the voluntary use and conscious, on couple part, of the necessary instrument for the establishment of the number of children and the spacing between one pregnancy and another. This study has as objective to show the importance of the function performed by the nurse, in the context of health education in the family planning, through a research of a bibliographic review, prepared from articles of last six years, published in journals and magazines in electronic databases as Lilacs and Scielo. The Civil Society Wellness Familiar in Brazil had how strategy the training of health professionals to the practice of family planning. The health education is a process of teaching/learning that aims to promote health and the nurse professional is the mediator for this to occur. Is a prepared educator to propose strategies in order to provide ways that enable transformations in people.Descriptors: Family Planning, Nurse Professional, Health Education. La actuación del enfermero en la planificación familiarResumen: La planificación familiar es el ejercicio de la paternidad responsable, es decir, la utilización voluntaria y consciente, por la pareja, del instrumento necesario al establecimiento del número de hijos y el espaciamiento entre una gestación y otra. Este estudio tiene por objetivo mostrar la importancia de la función ejercida por los enfermeros en el contexto de la educación para la salud en la planificación familiar, a través de una pesquisa de revisión bibliográfica elaborada procedentes de artículos publicados en periódicos y revistas en bases de datos electrónicos, como Lilacs y Scielo de los últimos seis años. La Sociedad Civil Bienestar Familiar en Brasil tuvo como estrategia más agresiva y eficaz en la creación y consolidación de una ideologia. La educación para la salud es un proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje que busca promover la salud y el profesional enfermero es el mediador para que esto ocurra. Es un educador preparado para proponer estrategias con el objetivo de ofrecer formas que permiten transformaciones en las personas.Descriptores: Planificación Familiar, Profesional Enfermero, Educación en Salud.


Author(s):  
Varuna Pathak ◽  
Madhuri Chandra ◽  
Veena Rathi Bisani

Background: India is the most populous country in the world, sustaining 17.5% of the world’s population on 2.4% of the world’s surface area. Despite of India being the first country to formulate a National Family Planning Programme in 1952, the population of India continues to rise. Therefore a basic question arises, as to why do couple have a third child? For stabilization of population every couple must on an average have 2.2 children, but how far our family planning programmes having an impact on the beneficiaries, in terms of their ideologies and utilisation of the programme. To get answers to the above question the present study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives to determine the views about ideal family size and ideal spacing, to determine the degree of knowledge about various contraceptive methods, to know the family size amongst population not adopting small family norm and to know the reason for non-acceptance of family planning methods.Methods: This was a hospital based case control study. Cases were women with two live children and not practicing family planning. Controls included women who opted for family planning methods and adopted the two child norm. Both cases and controls were asked to fill up a questionnaire.Results: Most people practicing small family norm view ideal number of issues ≤ 2 i.e. 88% of males and 91% of females. 59.8% couples not practicing family planning, think ideal spacing ≤ 2 years. 100% controls had the concept of contraception.Conclusions: Desire for a male child in 30.6% cases is the most common reason for couples not following the 2 child norm.


2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Suzana Cavenaghi ◽  
José Eustáquio Diniz Alves

Fertility transition occurred in a short period of time in Brazilian the absence of family planning programs, and most noticeable, in a context of illegality in the provision of means of fertility selfregulation. These events did not happen without consequences. Based in the literature and facts registered during that time, the paper first discusses how the resistance to the implementation of family planning programs from the 1960s to the 1980s have contributed to the unbalanced contraceptive method mix in the 1990’s. Secondly, the paper will discuss problems around contraceptive data collection in the National Health Survey, and, performing an adjustment of the data, we analyze trends in the use of contraceptive methods from 1986 to 2013, showing that method mix continues to be very concentrated in the same two methods, an even more outdated scheme, with the daily pill exchanging first place with female sterilization. Finally, the paper discusses some fertility characteristics associated with the outdated contraceptive mix, still prevailing at the end of fertility transition, arguing that this could be avoided or minimized if policies and laws are based in reproductive rights of all people only. 


1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gilbert Hardee ◽  
Mohammad Azhar

The objectives of this study are five-fold. First, to examine evidence of changes which may have occurred among Pakistani women in their knowledge of, attitude towards and practice of family planning up to 1968-69 after eight to nine years of experience with Government-supported programmes aimed at reducing fertility; second, to examine in considerable detail differentials among women in their knowledge of, attitude towards and practice of family planning; third, to analyze the effects of knowledge and attitudes on behavioural change—i.e. practice of family planning ; fourth, to examine possible programme and policy implications of findings from this study; and fifth, to identify areas of future research and analysis which would appear needed.1 The study could provide further insight! into effectiveness of the Family Planning Programme (now renamed as the Population Planning Programme) during a major part of the Third Five-Year Plan period, 1965-70.


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