Aluminium, extractable from soil samples by the acid ammonium acetate soil-testing method

The extractant, 0.5 M acetic acid –0.5 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.65, which is used in soil-testing, extracts relatively high amounts of aluminium from acid soils. The mean values of acetate-extractable aluminium at pH 4.65, 1.75 meq Al/100 g of soil, and of exchangeable aluminium (M KCI extraction), 0.41 meq Al were obtained from a material of 30 samples of acid soils (Table 2). Several other acetic acid ammonium acetate extractants, from M acetic acid to M ammonium acetate solution were also used for studying the extractability of soil aluminium. The soil-testing extractant can be used for the estimation of the soluble amounts of aluminium in acid soils, however, further studies are needed for a better interpretation of the ammonium acetate extractable (at pH 4.65) aluminium in our soils.

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SEPARATION OF ANTIBODY-BOUND AND FREE HUMAN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONES BY ETHANOL-AMMONIUM ACETATE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0720643 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 643-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. Römmler ◽

B. B. Saxena

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Acetate Solution ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Human Pituitary ◽

Luteinizing Hormones ◽

Low Protein ◽

The Mean ◽

Post Menopausal ◽

Normal Men

ABSTRACT The use of 66% ethanol containing 6.6% ammonium acetate provided a simple and economical method for the separation of antibody-bound and free 131I-labelled hormones in incubation mixtures of low protein concentrations used in the radioimmunoassay of human pituitary FSH and LH. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed by similar results obtained in the evaluation of radiation damage to the tracer, binding of the tracer to the antibody and the separation of the antibody-bound and free 131I-labelled hormones by the use of ethanol-ammonium acetate solution and chromato-electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the measurement of the hormones was 10 pg with a precision of ± 5%; thus allowing the determination of hormone concentrations in as little as 20 to 50 μl of the plasma samples. There was a 98.5 to 102% recovery of the hormones added to the plasma samples of pre-determined hormone concentrations. The use of highly purified antigens for radioisotopic labelling and standard as well as purified antisera provided specific measurements of FSH and LH in the plasma. Various dilutions of a post-menopausal plasma sample yielded responses parallel to those obtained for the doseresponse curves of the FSH and LH standards by logit-log plots, thus confirming the validity of the assay. The mean plasma FSH and LH levels in normal men, children and in women during the luteal phase were 2.7 and 2.6, 1.1 and 1.2, and 1.8 and 2 ng/ml, respectively, whereas the plasma of hypophysectomized subjects showed trace to detectable levels of FSH and LH.

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Soil acidity and mobile aluminum status in pseudogley soils in Cacak-Kraljevo basin

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc110629201d ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 77 (6) ◽

pp. 833-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ivica Djalovic ◽

Djordje Jockovic ◽

Goran Dugalic ◽

Goran Bekavac ◽

Bozana Purar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Soil Acidity ◽

Arable Land ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Arable Soils ◽

Mean Values ◽

Exchangeable Acidity ◽

The Mean

Soil acidity and aluminum toxicity are considered most damaging soil conditions affecting the growth of most crops. This paper reviews the results of tests of pH, exchangeable acidity and mobile aluminum (Al) concentration in profiles of pseudogley soils from Cacak-Kraljevo basin. For that purpose, 102 soil pits were dug in 2009 in several sites around Cacak- Kraljevo basin. The tests encompassed 54 field, 28 meadow, and 20 forest soil samples. Samples of soil in the disturbed state were taken from the Ah and Eg horizons (102 samples), from the B1tg horizon in 39 field, 24 meadow and 15 forest pits (a total of 78 samples) and from the B2tg horizon in 14 field, 11 meadow, and 4 forest pits (a total of 29 samples). Mean pH values (1M KCl) of the tested soil profiles were 4.28, 3.90 and 3.80 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. Soil pH of forest samples was lower than those in meadow and arable land samples (mean values of 4.06, 3.97 and 3.85 for arable land, meadow and forest samples, respectively). Soil acidification was especially intensive in deep horizons, as 27% (Ah), 77% (Eg) and 87% (B1tg) soil samples had the pH value below 4.0. Mean values of total exchangeable acidity (TEA) were 1.55, 2.33 and 3.40 meq 100 g-1 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. The TEA values in forest soils were considerably higher (3.39 meq 100 g-1) than those in arable soils and meadow soils (1.96 and 1.93, respectively). Mean mobile Al contents of tested soil samples were 11.02, 19.58 and 28.33 mg Al 100 g-1 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. According to the pH and TEA values, mobile Al was considerably higher in the forest soils (the mean value of 26.08 mg Al 100 g-1) than in the arable soils and meadow soils (the mean values of 16.85 and 16.00 mg Al 100 g-1, respectively). The Eg and B1tg horizons of the forest soil had especially high mobile Al contents (the mean values of 28.50 and 32.95 mg Al 100 g-1, respectively). High levels of mobile Al were especially frequent in the forest soils, with 35% (Ah), 85.0% (Eg) and 93.3% (B1tg) of the tested samples ranging above 10 mg Al 100 g-1.

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Use of the quantity/potential relationship to provide a scale of the ability of extractants to remove soil potassium

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600021055 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 119-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

T. M. Addiscott

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Potential Curve ◽

Ammonium Ion ◽

Mean Values ◽

Soil Potassium ◽

Potential Relationship ◽

Gain And Loss

SUMMARYQuantity/potential relationships, between gain and loss of K by the soil and K potential (RT In ακ/⊧αca+Mg) were determined on twenty-seven Rothamsted and Woburn soils. K extracted by neutral N ammonium acetate, by H-resin and 0·5 M sodium bicarbonate (pH 8·5) were also measured.The ability of an extractant to remove soil K is equated to a K potential (derived from the quantity/potential curve) which the soil attains on removing K equal to that taken out by extractant. Mean values for all soils were – 4995 ± 97 cal/equiv for the ammonium acetate, – 6081 ± 88 cal/equiv for the H-resin and – 4336 ±117 cal/equiv for the sodium bicarbonate extractants. For the first and last extractants the ability to remove K was less in rich than in poor soils.Varying the ammonium ion concentration from 0·1 N to 1 N in ammonium acetate/acetic acid mixtures, N in acetate ions, did not greatly affect their ability to remove K.

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Analysis of Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.1515/cttr-2017-0016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 154-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xinyu Liu ◽

Peter Joza ◽

Bill Rickert

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽

Gradient System ◽

Acetate Solution ◽

Target Compound ◽

Internal Standards ◽

Phase Gradient ◽

Related Compounds

Summary The objective of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for determining nicotine and nicotine related compounds (i.e., nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine, nornicotine, anatabine, myosmine, anabasine, and β-nicotyrine) in e-cigarette aerosols and e-liquids. Aerosol collection was achieved using a Cambridge collection pad. The sample preparation consisted of adding deuterated internal standards to the collection pad and extracting with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution using a wrist-action shaker. The filtrate was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a Gemini NX C18 column (3 μm, 150 × 3 mm) with a mobile phase gradient system consisting of acetonitrile and 10% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH = 8.0) and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive mode. The e-liquid was analyzed using the same instrumental parameters, but simplifying the sample preparation procedure by adding deuterated internal standards directly to the 100-mg sample. The sample was then extracted with 100 mM ammonium acetate solution, sonicated, and filtered. In this study, the method’s accuracy, robustness, and reliability were enhanced by using deuterated analogues of each compound as internal standards and by applying two ion-transition pairs for each compound for the confirmation and quantification. Validation experiments demonstrated good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. All the target compound calibrations exhibited satisfactory linearity from 0.050 to 5.0 mg/mL (r2 > 0.995). The average recoveries for e-liquids varied from 85.2% (nicotine-N-oxide) to 110% (β-nicotyrine) with recoveries for all compounds exhibiting a coefficient of variation (CV) < 5.0%. Similarly, the average recoveries for e-cigarette aerosols varied from 87.8% (for nicotine-N-oxide) to 111% (for myosmine) with all CV < 8.8%. The LOD and LOQ for e-liquids for all target compounds ranged from 0.234 and 0.781 μg/g (cotinine) to 1.66 and 5.48 μg/g (nicotine-Noxide). For e-cigarette aerosols these limits ranged from 0.094 and 0.312 μg/collection (cotinine) to 0.872 and 2.87 μg/collection (nicotine-N-oxide). This methodology was used to quantitatively determine if any of the target compounds were present in a variety of sample matrices, including e-cigarette solutions and aerosols, and was successfully applied to stability studies, to monitor changes in the target compound levels which might be caused by e-cigarette formulations, components and the storage conditions.

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Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals Contents in Soils and Cassava Plants from Farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2021/v4i330118 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

N. P. Udeh ◽

A. C. Ikegwuonu ◽

O. A. Okeke ◽

C. Obudulu ◽

K. P. Okafor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Mean Value ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Metal Enrichment ◽

Metal Concentrations ◽

Mean Values ◽

Metal Levels ◽

The Mean

Soil samples and cassava tubers collected from farmlands within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka vicinity were analyzed for their heavy metal levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in order to assess their levels of contamination on the environment as a result of excessive fertilizers and automobile emission. Physiochemical properties of the soil samples were determined using standard methods. The soil pH had a mean value of 6.27 ± 0.07, 6.10 ± 0.06 and 6.57 ± 0.03 respectively indicating that the soils were slightly acidic to neutrality. Total organic carbon and nitrate mean values were 105.20 ± 6.20, 95.75 ± 9.57 and 94.6 ± 2.27 and 138.07 ± 12.09, 149.35 ± 14.25 and 149.20 ± 1.17 respectively showing presence of some organic matters. The mean levels of heavy metals in the soil samples were 0.01 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.05 ± 0.03 for lead (Pb), 0.24 ± 0.16, 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.001 ± 0.000 for cadmium (Cd) and 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.010 ± 0.006 and 0.001 ± 0.001 for chromium (Cr). These metals levels were in the abundance trend of Pb>Cd> Cr. The mean metal concentrations obtained in the cassava tubers respectively were 0.001 ± 0.001, 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.005 ± 0.005 for lead (Pb), 0.000 ± 0.000, 0.0003 ± 0.0003 and 0.000 ± 0.000 for cadmium (Cd) and 0.002 ± 0.002, 0.000 ± 0.000 and 0.002 ± 0.002 for chromium (Cr). These metals levels were in the abundance trend of Pb> Cr > Cd. For both the soil and cassava samples, there were no significant variations in the heavy metal concentrations and also in physicochemical parameter except for pH; this showed that there is low heavy metal enrichment in the soils studied. Based on the study, the following heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr) falls within the Codex maximum permissible limits 0.1mg/l or ppm expect soil cadmium in science village which is above the Codex limit. The overall results showed that the farmlands (on soils and cassava tuber) appear to be free from poisoning or some metal enrichment and safe for agricultural purposes and also safe for human health and consumption.

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The effect of permeant and impermeant osmoticants on exocytosis in guinea pig sperm

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.100.4.761 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 100 (4) ◽

pp. 761-769

Author(s):

D.P. Green

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Guinea Pig ◽

Membrane Fusion ◽

Acrosome Reaction ◽

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽

Acetate Solution ◽

Normal Medium ◽

Acrosomal Membrane ◽

External Calcium

Guinea pig sperm were suspended in calcium-containing medium supplemented with various concentrations of the tetrasaccharide, stachyose. At concentrations up to and including 0.6 M, stachyose was without effect on the A23187-induced acrosome reaction. At 1.0 M stachyose, greater than 97% of sperm retained their acrosome after exposure to A23187, as judged by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated, however, that exocytotic membrane fusion had occurred, although with substantial retention of the acrosomal matrix. Sperm incubated in 1.0 M stachyose solutions also underwent exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of A23187 and external calcium. Sperm suspended in 0.175 M ammonium chloride solution progressively lost motility over 30 min, but without acrosomal swelling. By contrast, sperm in 0.19 M ammonium acetate underwent substantial swelling of the acrosome within 2–5 min. 70–80% of these sperm were able to exclude the vital dye propidium iodide with their acrosomes swollen. These sperm underwent acrosomal shrinkage if resuspended in normal medium within 5–10 min, and the majority (60–70%) recovered some motility. These sperm could undergo an A23187-induced acrosome reaction. Electron microscopy indicated that swelling in ammonium acetate solution solubilizes much of the acrosomal matrix and causes internal fusion between adjacent regions of the outer acrosomal membrane. There was no exocytotic membrane fusion in ammonium acetate solution, however. The evidence suggests that there is no stachyose osmolality for guinea pig sperm which will suppress the membrane fusion associated with exocytosis, and that sufficiently high osmolalities cause exocytotic membrane fusion in the absence of calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Comparing of the Natural Radioactivity in Soil Samples of University at Al-Husseineya and Al-Mothafeen Sites of Kerbala, Iraq

Jordan Journal of Physics ◽

10.47011/14.2.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 177-191

Keyword(s):

Natural Radioactivity ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Standard Errors ◽

Radiological Hazard ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Radiological Hazard Indices

Abstract: Radioactivity must be studied in soil to see the changes in the doses of human exposure. In this study, natural radioactivity and radiological hazard indices in soil samples of the Faculty of Agriculture (Al-Husseineya site) and the Faculty of Medicine (Al-Mothafeen site) in Kerbala Governorate were determined using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the mean values of specific activity (in units of Bq/kg) and standard errors of: 238U, 232Th and 40K at Al-Husseineya site was 21.7±7.2, 9.43±3.2 and 335.8±82.2, respectively, while at Al-Mothafeen site, the mean values and standard errors were 22.4±8.8, 11.2±3.3 and 333.1±70.7, respectively. Radiation maps of natural radioactivity (238U, 232Th and 40K) at Al-Husseineya and Al-Mothafeen sites were mapped using geographic information system (GIS) technology. Moreover, most results in the present study fall within the acceptable levels, as defined by OCDE, UNSCEAR and ICRP. Therefore, there is no significant radiological hazard at the sites which were studied. Keywords: Radiological hazard, Natural radioactivity, Soil, NaI (Tl), Gamma-ray, Karbela University.

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Rearrangement studies with 14C. XLII. The solvolysis of triphenylvinyl-2-14C bromide in aqueous acetic acid and in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v78-402 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 56 (18) ◽

pp. 2459-2466

Author(s):

Choi Chuck Lee ◽

Eric C. F. Ko

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Ion Pair ◽

Solvent Composition ◽

Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽

Mean Values ◽

Mechanistic Explanations ◽

The Mean ◽

Return Process

Solvolytic studies with triphenylvinyl-2-14C bromide (l-Br-2-14C) in HOAc–H2O and in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) containing 2,6-lutidine were carried out under a variety of conditions. Scramblings of the label from C-2 to C-l in the reaction product and in the unconsumed reactant were determined. For solvolyses in HOAc–H2O, scrambling was observed in the product, but not in the recovered reactant. The extent of scrambling was higher when the proportion of H2O in the solvent was lower. With a given solvent composition, the amount of scrambling did not change with reaction time, the average extents of scrambling being 9.6,12.7, 15.3, 16.7, and 18.4%, respectively, for solvolysis in 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% HOAc. With 70% HOAc, the presence of about 3 equiv. of NaOAc or NaBr did not influence the extent of scrambling. For the reactions in TFE, there was scrambling in both the reaction product and the recovered reactant, indicating the occurrence of a return process, The presence of added Et4NBr did not affect the extent of scrambling, suggesting that the 1,2-phenyl shift occurred in the ion-pair stage and the return is, therefore, an ion-pair return. The amount of scrambling in the product and in the recovered reactant increased with increasing reaction time, but for a given reaction time, the extents of scrambling in the product and in the recovered reactant were the same. The mean values for the scrambling of the label from C-2 to C-l in the product and the recovered reactant, after a reaction time of 1, 2, 4, and 20 days at 150 °C, were 20.1, 30.0,40.0, and 44.1%, respectively. Mechanistic explanations for both reactions in HOAc-H2O and in TFE are discussed.

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