scholarly journals Storage fungi of cabbage and their control

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Risto Tahvonen
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Whetzelinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Unidentified Fungus

Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. was found in 40—100 %, in most cases 60—80 %, of the stored cabbages examined during 1975—80. The correlation between the B. cinerea—% and the trimming losses was highly significant when storage lasted for more than 5 months. The trimming losses in infected cabbage lots were 30—50%, while in healthy lots they were only 10—20 %. The numbers of B. cinerea remained constant on the same lots, irrespective of the duration of storage. The fungus caused a considerable amount of spoilage at rather low storage temperatures of—0.5—0°C. Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire, Plenodomus lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Höhnel, Typhula brassicae (Berg, ex Fr.) Vang, Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Korf & Dumont, and an otherwise unidentified fungus, which presumably belonged to the Basidiomycetes and was only found growing on living cabbages, were present in small numbers or else were significant pathogens in individual stores in certain years only. Spraying with benomyl or thiophanatemethyl one or two weeks before harvesting decreased to a highly significant degree the numbers of B. cinerea on the cabbages, the commercial quality increasing by 8—25 %. Spraying during the growing season did not affect the numbers of any of the other storage pathogens.

Albert Schweitzer and the Jews

2014 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-398
Author(s):  
James Carleton Paget
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The One

Albert Schweitzer's engagement with Judaism, and with the Jewish community more generally, has never been the subject of substantive discussion. On the one hand this is not surprising—Schweitzer wrote little about Judaism or the Jews during his long life, or at least very little that was devoted principally to those subjects. On the other hand, the lack of a study might be thought odd—Schweitzer's work as a New Testament scholar in particular is taken up to a significant degree with presenting a picture of Jesus, of the earliest Christian communities, and of Paul, and his scholarship emphasizes the need to see these topics against the background of a specific set of Jewish assumptions. It is also noteworthy because Schweitzer married a baptized Jew, whose father's academic career had been disadvantaged because he was a Jew. Moreover, Schweitzer lived at a catastrophic time in the history of the Jews, a time that directly affected his wife's family and others known to him. The extent to which this personal contact with Jews and with Judaism influenced Schweitzer either in his writings on Judaism or in his life will in part be the subject of this article.

scholarly journals A systematic comparison and reliability analysis of formal measures of sentence acceptability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Langsford ◽  
Andrew T Hendrickson ◽  
Amy Perfors ◽  
Lauren Kennedy ◽  
Danielle Navarro
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acceptability Judgments ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Item Effects ◽  
Do So

Understanding and measuring sentence acceptability is of fundamental importance for linguists, but although many measures for doing so have been developed, relatively little is known about some of their psychometric properties. In this paper we evaluate within- and between-participant test-retest reliability on a wide range of measures of sentence acceptability. Doing so allows us to estimate how much of the variability within each measure is due to factors including participant-level individual differences, sample size, response styles, and item effects. The measures examined include Likert scales, two versions of forced-choice judgments, magnitude estimation, and a novel measure based on Thurstonian approaches in psychophysics. We reproduce previous findings of high between-participant reliability within and across measures, and extend these results to a generally high reliability within individual items and individual people. Our results indicate that Likert scales and the Thurstonian approach produce the most stable and reliable acceptability measures and do so with smaller sample sizes than the other measures. Moreover, their agreement with each other suggests that the limitation of a discrete Likert scale does not impose a significant degree of structure on the resulting acceptability judgments.

Studies on Maize (Zea mays) at Bunda, Malawi. I. Yield in Relation to Rainfall

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. MacColl
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Nitrogen Levels

SUMMARYYields of maize were determined in six years, on two soils, at up to four nitrogen levels following early and late planting. Without fertilizer nitrogen, high rainfall at the beginning of the growing season reduced yield on one soil but not on the other, while high rainfall at late silking and high total rainfall in the growing season reduced yields on both soils. As the level of fertilizer nitrogen increased, the negative effects of rainfall on yield tended to disappear. A three week delay in planting sometimes increased and sometimes decreased yield. The probable reasons for the observed effects of rainfall on yield are discussed.

scholarly journals Fungi inhabiting healthy grapevine canes (Vitis spp.) in some nurseries

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Król
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Cladosporium Cladosporioides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Vitis Spp ◽  
Propagation Material ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The purpose of this study, conducted in the years 2000 - 2002, was to identify fungi species colonizing apparently healthy canes and to investigate whether canes storage modify the quantitative and qualitative composition of these fungi. The plant material was collected from 5 commercial plantations growing in various regions of Poland, taking into consideration 8 cultivars which were the most frequently cultivated. From each plantation and cultivar 20 apparently healthy canes were randomly sampled in two terms: before storage - November/December (term I) and 3-4 months after storage - February/March (term II). The results showed that from asymptomatic canes 2746 isolates of fungi belonging to 23 species were obtained, but the majority of them origined from canes analysed after storage. It was found that <i>P. viticola</i> is able to live latently within grapevine tissue in Polish conditions because isolates of this fungus from visually healty canes the all studied plantations and terms were obtained. Among the other fungi species inhabiting grapevine canes <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. dominated. Moreover, both in term I and term II <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Phoma</i> spp., <i>Epicoccum purpurascens</i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i> were frequently isolated, whereas fungi from the genus <i>Acremonium</i> only in the term I. Each time isolates of <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. and <i>Gliocladium</i> spp. were also obtained. Inhabitation of grapevine canes by various fungi species shown in the present experiment indicate the danger of pathogens spread with propagation material on the new plantations.

CONTROL OF ROOT MAGGOTS ATTACKING CRUCIFEROUS CROPS, MAINLY RUTABAGAS, GROWN IN RIDGES

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Root Maggot

Experiments in 1958 and 1959 with pre-planting soil treatments of insecticides, applied in a 5-inch band [Formula: see text] below the seed in ridges of soil, snowed that heptachlor, aldrin and chlordane, each at 5 pounds toxicant per acre, gave 70 to 90 per cent reduction in root maggot damage in cruciferous crops in Prince Edward Island. Each of these insecticides gave better control of the second than of the first generation of root maggots. Nematocide 18,133, at 5 and at 10 pounds per acre gave complete control throughout the growing season and also gave the highest yield. Thimet at 5 and at 10 pounds gave better control than the chlorinated hydrocarbons; parathion and Guthion, at the same rates, gave better control of the first generation but not as effective control thereafter. Korlan at 6 pounds gave fair control of the first generation but was ineffective thereafter. Ethion, Trithion, Di-syston and Diazinon, each at 5 and at 10 pounds, and Co-Ral and Dylox at 5 pounds were ineffective in controlling root maggot injury. Diazinon was highly phytotoxic; none of the other insecticides showed any phytotoxicity.

Growth and Development of Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Selections in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Piotr Tobola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Dry Biomass

Wild poinsettia is a serious weed in several crops, including peanut, grown in the southeastern United States. A study was conducted over 3 yr at Jay, FL, to characterize the growth and development of wild poinsettia grown from seed collected at Plains, GA; Marianna, FL; and Baton Rouge, LA. Seedlings from each selection were transplanted to the field and were grown either alone or in competition with peanut. Observations made throughout the growing season indicated that the Louisiana selection flowered later, grew to a larger size, produced more leaf area and biomass, and caused greater light attenuation and peanut yield reduction than the other two selections. The Georgia selection produced the smallest plants, least leaf area and biomass, and was least competitive with peanut. The Florida selection was intermediate for these parameters. Wild poinsettia dry biomass production was reduced by 78 to 83% when grown with peanut compared with monoculture wild poinsettia.

Effect of Sympathetic Blocking Agents on the Toxic Action of O2 at High Pressure

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Johnson ◽  
John W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Notable Effect ◽  
Gauge Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Pathology ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Ganglionic Blocking ◽  
Sympatholytic Agents

The effects of sympathetic blocking agents were studied on rats exposed to O2 at 80 lb. gauge pressure. The ganglionic blocking agents TEAC and hexamethonium reduced the usual convulsive response, lung damage and mortality to a significant degree. On the other hand, the peripheral sympatholytic agents dibenamine, Dibenzyline, and SKF 501 (N-(9-fluorenyl)-N-ethyl-ß-chlorethylamine) lacked a notable effect on the somatic seizure but definitely reduced the pulmonary pathology and mortality. The drug SKF 501 was also found to protect animals exposed to O2 at 80 lb. 80 mm Hg pCO2. But this protection was seen only in the lungs, mortality was about the same as the normals simultaneously exposed. These experiments suggest that hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is the factor primarily responsible for the pulmonary edema and congestion resultant from OHP. It is further indicated that this system also contributes significantly to the hyperoxic seizure and the incidence of mortality.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

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