scholarly journals Evaluation of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary pseudouridine excretion in lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Shingfield ◽  
Nicholas W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Friesian Cows

The potential of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary pseudouridine excretion was evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were fed two experimental diets in a complete change-over design with two 14 day experimental periods. Diets were either silage fed ad libitum with a concentrate supplement offered as a single meal (SF), or a complete diet formulated from the same ingredients (CD). Total urine collections were performed for 24h at 2 h intervals on days 11 and 14. Pseudouridine and creatinine excretion during each 2h interval depended on time of collection (pseudouridine, P

Evaluation of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary purine derivative excretion in lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
N. W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Total Urine

AbstractThe potential of the spot urine sampling technique as an alternative to performing a total urine collection was evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were given two experimental diets in a complete change-over design using two 14-day experimental periods. Experimental diets were either silage offeredad libitumwith 7 kg fresh weight concentrate supplement as a single meal (SF), or a complete diet formulated from the same ingredients with a similar foragexoncentrate ratio (CD). Total urine collections were performed every 2 h on days 11 and 14 of each experimental period. Subsamples of urine were stored at 20°C and subsequently analysed by high-performace liquid chromatography. Daily allantoin and purine derivative (PD) excretion were highly correlated (r = 0·995, no. = 48,P< 0·001). PD and creatinine excretion during each 2-h interval depended on time of collection (PD,P< 0·001 and creatinine,P< 0·05) and on cow (P< 0·01) but were unaffected by sampling day or treatment. Diurnal variations in the molar ratio ofPD or allantoin to creatinine (PD/c and Ale, respectively) followed similar diurnal patterns as observed for PD and allantoin excretion. The data were used to assess the error of prediction of daily mean PD/c or Ale ratios. Three spot sampling regimens (based on the collection of four 4-h samples, three 8-h samples or two 12-h samples) and also on either single or 2-day urine collections were evaluated. Collection of multiple samples within a day was more reliable than collecting fewer samples over several days. Prediction errors were greater for SF compared with CD. Even the most intensive sampling regimen did not allow an acceptable prediction of daily mean PDIc or Ale ratio, minimum r values for PDIc and Ale ratios were 0·098, 0·136 and 0·547, 0·579 for SF and CD, respectively. Furthermore, daily mean PDIc and Ale ratios proved poor predictors of daily PD and allantoin excretion (r values of 0·69 and 0·72, respectively). Total urine collection appears necessary to assess accurately daily PD excretion in dairy cows.

CHROMIC OXIDE IN DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES WITH LACTATING DAIRY COWS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
A. L. Hoogendoorn ◽  
C. M. Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in paper pellets was used as an indicator for digestibility studies with four Holstein-Friesian cows fed rations composed of different roughage to concentrate ratios. Cows A and B received one pellet, or 3.46 g of Cr2O3, whereas cows C and D received three pellets, or 10.38 g of Cr2O3, daily.Recovery of Cr2O3 in the feces varied from 84 to 103% for animals A and B and from 92 to 95% for animals C and D. The coefficients of apparent digestion of dry matter were lower (P < 0.01) when the Cr2O3 method was used instead of the conventional method. When samples were taken at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours, the Cr2O3 method gave average estimates of digestibility for animal pairs A, B and C, D that were 94.2 and 97.5% of those obtained by the conventional method. Standard deviations for both the Cr2O3 and conventional methods were relatively high.Excretion patterns of Cr2O3 were not signicantly correlated with those of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium. The average concentrations of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium in compounded feces samples collected at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours were 101.3, 100.6 and 96.7% of those in samples of the total excretions.The daily administration of 10.38 g of Cr2O3 at 0900 hours for eight days, and the collection of fecal grab samples at 0500, 0900, 1300 and 1700 hours daily during the last five days seemed satisfactory for estimating apparent digestibility of dry matter.

scholarly journals Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltran ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
José Daza ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Alvaro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

A note on the estimation of the body fat, protein and energy content of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows by measurement of condition score and live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Subjective Condition ◽  
Friesian Cows

The relationships between body composition, live weight (LW) and subjective condition score (CS) were examined in an experiment in which 54, second to fourth parity, lactating autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were slaughtered at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum. Multiple regression analyses showed the weight of fat and the quantity of energy within the body were significantly correlated with both LW and CS. The weight of crude protein showed a linear correlation with LW. These results are discussed and compared with previously published investigations with non-lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals THE VALUE OF POTATOES FOR FEEDING DAIRY COWS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. J. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Twenty Ayrshire and twenty Holstein-Friesian cows were used at the Experimental Farms, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Fredericton, New Brunswick, respectively, in an evaluation of the use of raw potatoes for feeding lactating dairy cows. The experiments were of the changeover design and were conducted in the period 1956–59. It was concluded that potatoes were equal to grass silage on a T.D.N. basis, provided that the protein content of the grain mixture fed with the potatoes was also increased. Better T.D.N. consumption was obtained when both silage and potatoes were fed than when silage was fed alone. Increasing the protein content of the grain mixture fed with potatoes resulted in increased production of F.C.M. and S.N.F., but not of butterfat.

scholarly journals The Association of Calcium Profiles at Calving with Health and Performance of Holstein Cows and Their Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Constantin Gavan ◽  
Mihaela Riza
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Significant Health ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to assess the association of hypocalcemia at calving with health and performance of Holstein cows and their calves. Data were collected January 1st 2017 to December 31st 2020. A total of 431 lactating Holstein Friesian cows (118 primiparous and 313 multiparous) from a research of hypocalcemia was 2 groups (hypo and non-hypo). The overall prevalence of hypocalcemia was 3.4% for first-lactation cows and 18% for multiparous cows. Lactating dairy cows with hypocalcemia had greater proportion of cows with Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM) metritis and culling within 60 days in milk (DIM), compared with non-hypocalcemia respectively. For the first 2 official milk tests milk yield and components (% fat, % protein on SCC) did not differ between hypo and non-hypo cows. The days in milk at first service, mastitis, dystocia and pregnancy at first service were not different between hypo and non-hypo groups. The proportion of stillbirth, survival at 60 days of age in calves did not differ between calves born from hypo or non-hypo cows. Calves born from Hypo cows had greater incidence of diarrhea (38.3%) than calves born (22.3%) from non-hypo cows. The results of this study show that hypocalcemia in calving has significant health implications for both dams and their calves.  

Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

Effect of pelleting of concentrates on milk and blood selenium concentrations in lactating dairy cows when selenised yeast is included in the diet

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale ◽  
H. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

An experiment using 12 multiparous Holstein–Friesian cows was undertaken for 3 weeks in September–October 2008 to determine milk and blood selenium (Se) concentrations (surrogates for bioavailability) when Se-yeast was incorporated into pellets relative to providing unprocessed Se-yeast. The Se in the Se-yeast is principally in the form of seleno-methionine. Since the bioavailability of protein can be reduced by heat processing, it was hypothesised that the temperature and/or pressure conditions associated with commercial pelleting of concentrates would adversely influence the Se concentrations in milk and blood by reducing the bioavailability of Se in the animal compared with Se-yeast that had not been subjected to pelleting. The results clearly showed that pelleting conditions had no effect on concentrations of either milk or blood Se, thereby indicating that pelleting did not have an impact on the bioavailability of the Se in the animal.

scholarly journals Choice of grazed herbage or maize silage by lactating dairy cows: influence of sward height and concentrate level

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1158-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Hernandez-Mendo ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Friesian Cows

The preference of lactating dairy cows for grazed herbage or maize silage (MS), simultaneously offered ad libitum in the field, was examined at two sward heights (SH 4-6 and 8-10cm) and two concentrate levels (CL 0 and 6kg day-1) in a 2x2 factorial arrangement within a completely randomised experimental design. The experiment lasted 35 days and was carried out in spring using 24 multiparous Holstein Friesian cows. On average, the cows proportionately spent more time grazing than eating MS (0.85:0.15) and even though the higher rate of intake (RI) of dry matter (DM) of MS compared with grazed herbage (76 versus 26g DM min-1), the proportion of total DM intake as herbage was higher compared to that of MS (0.56:0.44). The higher crude protein and low fibre content of grazed herbage appeared to have a higher priority of choice than RI, as the cows chose to graze for longer (grazing time 385 min, MS feeding time 67min) despite the lower RI of herbage. The low proportion MS intake indicated that RI was a secondary factor of choice. Concentrate supplementation had a greater depressing effect on herbage intake than on MS intake. These results suggest that the animals reduce the intake of feed with lower RI when the labor associated to eat is decreased. The factors influencing the choice for herbage over maize silage remain unclear.

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