scholarly journals Voltage spectral structure of the thermocouple with temperature dependent wires

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Yulian Tuz ◽  
Oleg Kozyr
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Response ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Output Signal ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Analytical Dependence ◽  
Spectral Structure ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Higher Harmonics ◽  
Sinusoidal Waveform

The article presents a study of the origin of extra harmonics in the frequency spectrum of thermocouple output signal when being heated by sinusoidal waveform current. It is natural to have the first harmonic, which arises according to Ohm’s law, as a product of current and the total resistance of thermocouple and junction conductors, as well as the Peltier, Thomson effects, and the presence of the second harmonic, which is caused by a heating of junction and thermocouple conductors. The fact that third and higher harmonics arise when the resistance of conductors and junction is thermally dependent was identified. The analytical dependence of the resulting voltage across the thermocouple terminals as a function of the total resistance of conductors and junction, and the voltages due to the effects of Joule, Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson, is established. Based on the analysis of the obtained function and experimentally obtained voltage spectra across the terminal of the thermocouple, an assumption was made about the nature of the voltage spectrum that heats thermally dependent wires of the thermocouple. Recommendations are given to reduce the influence of the first, third and higher harmonics, which are uninformative, and to separate the voltage of the second informative harmonic, which is used to get frequency response of the thermocouple. Keywords: frequency response; thermocouple; EMF; spectrum; thermally dependent resistance; voltage

Use of Second Harmonic and Thermal Effects of Laser Voltage Probing for Better Fault Isolation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramya Yeluri ◽  
Ravishankar Thirugnanasambandam ◽  
Cameron Wagner ◽  
Jonathan Urtecho ◽  
Jan M. Neirynck
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
First Case ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
Degradation Monitoring ◽  
Technology Nodes

Abstract Laser voltage probing (LVP) has been extensively used for fault isolation over the last decade; however fault isolation in practice primarily relies on good-to-bad comparisons. In the case of complex logic failures at advanced technology nodes, understanding the components of the measured data can improve accuracy and speed of fault isolation. This work demonstrates the use of second harmonic and thermal effects of LVP to improve fault isolation with specific examples. In the first case, second harmonic frequency is used to identify duty cycle degradation. Monitoring the relative amplitude of the second harmonic helps identify minute deviations in the duty cycle with a scan over a region, as opposed to collecting multiple high resolution waveforms at each node. This can be used to identify timing degradation such as signal slope variation as well. In the second example, identifying abnormal data at the failing device as temperature dependent effect helps refine the fault isolation further.

PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF WAVE BREAKING CRITERIA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kuznetsov ◽  
Sergey Kuznetsov ◽  
Yana Saprykina ◽  
Yana Saprykina ◽  
Boris Divinskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Wave ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Wave Transformation ◽  
Spectral Structure ◽  
Similarity Parameter ◽  
Nonlinear Harmonics ◽  
The Waves

On the base of experimental data it was revealed that type of wave breaking depends on wave asymmetry against the vertical axis at wave breaking point. The asymmetry of waves is defined by spectral structure of waves: by the ratio between amplitudes of first and second nonlinear harmonics and by phase shift between them. The relative position of nonlinear harmonics is defined by a stage of nonlinear wave transformation and the direction of energy transfer between the first and second harmonics. The value of amplitude of the second nonlinear harmonic in comparing with first harmonic is significantly more in waves, breaking by spilling type, than in waves breaking by plunging type. The waves, breaking by plunging type, have the crest of second harmonic shifted forward to one of the first harmonic, so the waves have "saw-tooth" shape asymmetrical to vertical axis. In the waves, breaking by spilling type, the crests of harmonic coincides and these waves are symmetric against the vertical axis. It was found that limit height of breaking waves in empirical criteria depends on type of wave breaking, spectral peak period and a relation between wave energy of main and second nonlinear wave harmonics. It also depends on surf similarity parameter defining conditions of nonlinear wave transformations above inclined bottom.

scholarly journals Hyaluronan orders water molecules in its nanoscale extended hydration shells

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. eabf2558
Author(s):  
J. Dedic ◽  
H. I. Okur ◽  
S. Roke
Keyword(s):  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Hydration Shell ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Flexible Chain ◽  
Optical Modeling ◽  
Hydration Shells ◽  
Second Harmonic Scattering ◽  
Nuclear Quantum Effects ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Hyaluronan (HA) is an anionic, highly hydrated bio-polyelectrolyte found in the extracellular environment, like the synovial fluid between joints. We explore the extended hydration shell structure of HA in water using femtosecond elastic second-harmonic scattering (fs-ESHS). HA enhances orientational water-water correlations. Angle-resolved fs-ESHS measurements and nonlinear optical modeling show that HA behaves like a flexible chain surrounded by extended shells of orientationally correlated water. We describe several ways to determine the concentration-dependent size and shape of a polyelectrolyte in water, using the amount of water oriented by the polyelectrolyte charges as a contrast agent. The spatial extent of the hydration shell is determined via temperature-dependent measurements and can reach up to 475 nm, corresponding to a length of 1600 water molecules. A strong isotope effect, stemming from nuclear quantum effects, is observed when light water (H2O) is replaced by heavy water (D2O), amounting to a factor of 4.3 in the scattered SH intensity.

scholarly journals Selection of C-Type Filters for Reactive Power Compensation and Filtration of Higher Harmonics Injected into the Transmission System by Arc Furnaces

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2330
Author(s):  
Andrzej Grzegorz Lange ◽  
Grzegorz Redlarski
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Nonlinear Loads ◽  
Higher Harmonics ◽  
Current Harmonics ◽  
Arc Furnaces

This article presents a method for selecting the elements of a C-type filter working with a conventional LC-type filter for compensating reactive power and filtering out higher harmonics generated by arc furnaces and ladle furnaces. The study was conducted in a steel mill supplied by a 110 kV transmission system, where higher harmonic currents and nonlinear loads were measured. A series of computer simulations were performed under various operating conditions, and an algorithm for selecting the parameters of a third-order C-type filter (for suppressing the second harmonic) and two second-order LC-type filters (for suppressing the third harmonic) was proposed. The filtering system was tested in an arc furnace with the highest rated power, and harmonics in the current spectrum were evaluated. The results of the measurements were used to analyze the effectiveness of the compensation system comprising two passive C-type and LC-type filters at different system configurations. C-type filters significantly influenced current harmonics. The influence of the changes in the number of arc furnace transformers on the true Root Mean Square (RMS) of the currents injected into the 110 kV transmission system and on the voltages of the 110 kV busbars was discussed.

Dielectric and ac Conductivity Studies on Nanocrystalline Mn Modified Cobalt Ferrite

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 5629-5632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweety Supriya ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Manoranjan Kar
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Frequency Response ◽  
Electrical Transport ◽  
Ac Conductivity ◽  
Cobalt Ferrite ◽  
Electrical Transport Properties ◽  
Arrhenius Behavior ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Two Layer Model ◽  
Frequency Temperature

The ac conductivity and dielectric properties on CoFe2−xMnxO4 for x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 have been studied in detail. All the samples were prepared in nanocrystalline size. These materials are found to be crystallized to Fd <mml:math display="block"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>3</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> m space group in cubic spinel structure. The dielectric constant and ac conductivity has been discussed as a function of frequency, temperature and composition. The relation between dielectric constant and ac conductivity has been analyzed and the results validate each other. The frequency response of ac conductivity (σac) obeys Johnschers power law and the parameters obtained, explain the sources of ac and dc electrical conductivity in the material. The frequency response of σac follows Maxwell–Wagner two-layer model. The influence of frequency as pumping force on activation energy has been determined. The temperature dependent ac conductivity shows the Arrhenius behavior. The σac observed to be enhanced with increase in frequency as well as temperature. The semiconducting behavior (NTCR) was also evident from temperature dependent electrical transport properties study. The low value of ac conductivity suggests a possible use of this material in dielectric applications.

Structure and Properties of [(CH2OH)3CNH3]H2AsO4

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 722-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Waśkowska ◽  
S. Dacko ◽  
Z. Czapla
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Network Of Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Dependent Behaviour

Crystals of [(CH2OH)3CNH3]H2AsO4 have been grown, and X-ray diffraction analysis has shown them to be monoclinic, with space group P21. A three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds of the type O-H. . . O and N-H. . . O forms strong cation-cation and cation-anion linkages. Stabilizing the structure, they create favourable conditions in the crystal to be polar. The temperature dependent behaviour of the dielectric permittivity, measured along three crystal axes in the range 100 - 300 K, did not show any evidence for a phase transition, while the pyroelectric properties of the crystal confirmed the lack of a centre of symmetry. These polar features locate [(CH2OH)3CNH3]H2AsO4 among the materials applicable to electrooptics and for the second harmonic generation.

Temperature dependent blue second harmonic generation in Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 microcrystals embedded in TeO2 glass–matrix

2009 ◽  
Vol 355 (28-30) ◽  
pp. 1517-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Niyaz Ahamad ◽  
A. Vasudevarao ◽  
Venkatraman Gopalan ◽  
Himanshu Jain ◽  
K.B.R. Varma
Keyword(s):  
Second Harmonic Generation ◽  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Temperature Dependent
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