scholarly journals LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Rizka ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Potential Loss ◽  
Phonological Change

The aims of this study were to analyze the types, the patterns of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect. The subjects of the study were personal documents written in Pase dialect as available in Language Department of Aceh. From the research, 505 lexicons were found, where 154 lexicons underwent loss. The percentage of lexical loss of noun was 75.32%, adjective 12.34%, and verb 12.34%. The number of lexical borrowings was 177 lexicons. The percentage of lexical borrowing of noun was 78.53%, adjective 15.25%, verb 5.09%, and adverb 1.13%. In phonological change, there were 155 lexicons. The percentage of phonological changes of noun was 89.68%, adjective 6.45%, verb 2.38%, and adverb 1.29%. In semantic change, there were 19 lexicons found, the percentages of which are: noun 68.42%, adjective 10.53%, and verb 21.05%. The patterns of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect were potential loss in lexical loss, borrowings in the patterns of loan-words, loan-blend, loan-translation. The patterns of phonological change were lenition, fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis. In semantic change, the patterns were narrowing, extension, figurative use, and pejoration.Keywords: lexical borrowing, Pase dialect, phonological change, semantic change

‘Pignoris arrabonisve nomine’ in TPSulp. 51 (TPN 43) A case of diglossia?

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Barbara Abatino
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Model Contract ◽  
Lexical Interference

Despite the fact that the term arrabo has not been attested by legal sources as nomen iuris or as a technical term, the syntagm ‘pignoris arrabonisve nomine’ occurs in a chirograph documented by TPSulp. 51, from the age of Tiberius. This article shows, first, that the loans model contract of the TPSulp. 51 contained the hendiadys ‘pignus arrabove’ to denote the pledge. Second, it concludes that the mention of arrabo is related to precautionary reasons and that it may be explained by the use of a colloquial term introduced in Latin language by way of Greek lexical borrowing. Finally, this implies some considerations on language contact, lexical interference and integration of loan-words in Latin.

Tonal rules for English loan words in Cantonese

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kiu
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Phonological System

It is common knowledge that when one language borrows from another, the borrower often would incorporate the loan words into its phonological system by substituting ‘alien’ sounds by those from its own stock, breaking up consonant clusters to conform to its syllable structure and so on. In general it is not impossible to predict fairly accurately what a loan word would sound like in a language if one is familiar with the phonological systems of the lender and borrower. However, syllable structure and segments are just part of the picture. Other considerations like stress and tone would also be important if one is dealing with a stress language or a tone lauguage. The aim of this paper is to examine English loan forms in Cantonese in order to discover what happens when words from a stress language like English are borrowed into a tone language like Cantonese.

A Grammatical Sketch of Chitumbuka

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Beaton Galafa
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Different Types

The paper provides a grammatical sketch of Chitumbuka, a language widely spoken in the northern region of Malawi, and therefore used as a lingua franca in the region. The paper focuses on four key linguistic aspects of the language in its analysis. These include phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Data analysis followed interviews with native speakers of the language drawn from four districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Nkhata Bay and Kasungu. There was also a significant reliance on data from published materials exploring the language. The paper agrees with available literature ascertaining the existence of 5 vowels and 27 consonant phonemes, a CV syllable structure, assimilation and strengthening processes in the language. It also shows that Chitumbuka is not a tonal language. The paper further ascertains the existence of 18 noun classes in the language and a complex verbal morphology with different types of markers for subject, object and tense. It also shows that the general sentence structure of Chitumbuka is Subject-Verb-Object with several other possible alterations. The paper ends with an exploration of loan words in the language and the realization of the notions of borrow and lend through a single lexical item. 

Preference Laws and Gradient Change: Selected Developments in Romance

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Natural Class ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
High Vowels ◽  
Phonological Change ◽  
Natural Classes ◽  
Gradient Change

This paper has two purposes. The first is to focus attention on the gradient nature of sound change. This characteristic of sound change, although an important one, is often overlooked. King (1969: 122), for example, states: “Phonological changes tend to affect natural classes of sounds (p, t, k, high vowels, voiced stops) because rules that affect natural classes are simpler than rules that apply only to single segments.” This perspective obscures the generalization pattern of phonological processes, for a particular process typically affects a subsection of a natural class and then may (or may not) generalize to other members of the particular class or even to other classes. The second purpose of this paper is to account for selected cases of gradient phonological change in Italian and other Romance languages on the basis of a partial theory of syllable structure preferences.

Lexical change often begins and ends in semantic peripheries

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Vejdemo
Keyword(s):  
Color Naming ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Semantic Domains

Abstract The article discusses semantic change and lexical replacement processes in the color domain, based on color naming studies in seven Germanic languages (where diachronic intra-linguistic development is inferred from cross-linguistic synchronic studies) and from different generations of speakers in a single language (Swedish). Change in the color domain often begins and ends in conceptual peripheries, and I argue that this perspective is suitable for other semantic domains as well.

The Iconic Index

Diachronica ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimo Anttila ◽  
Sheila Embleton
Keyword(s):  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Pronunciation Variation ◽  
Grammatical Agreement ◽  
Lexical Change

SUMMARY It is maintained that the basic semiotic concepts of icon and index in the Peircean sense give the best tools for both describing and explaining change. The notion of iconic index is used to explicate assimilation, morphophonemics, sociolectal pronunciation variation, grammatical agreement, and semantic change. In all these cases, the iconic index gives an accurate and insightful explanation. As a real demonstration of the worth of the concept of the iconic index, drastic lexical change is analyzed through the examples of Cockney rhyming slang and Australian avoidance (e.g., 'mother-in-law') languages. The iconic index also allows one to draw some parallels to certain Western taboos. Even in these instances of drastic lexical change, the iconic index holds its ground as a descriptive and explanatory tool. RÉSUMÉ Les auteurs maintiennent que les concepts fondamentaux de C. S. Peirce de 'icon' et de 'index' offrent les meilleurs outils pour la description et l'explication du changement linguistique. La notion de 'iconic index' est utilisée pour expliquer l'assimilation, la morphophonologie, la variation dans la prononciation individuelle, l'accord grammatical et le changement sémantique. Dans tous ces cas, l'index iconique donne une explication précise et perspicace. Pour démontrer l'utilité de ce concept, des exemples de changement lexical abrupt tirés du rime patois du Cockney et des langues australiennes qui connaissent un système qui fait les locuteurs éviter certains mots (e.g., ceux qui ont affaire avec la belle-mère). L'index iconique permet également d'établir certains parallèles ä des tabous occidentaux. Même dans ces cas de changement abrupt dans le lexique, le concept d'index iconique maintient son utilité comme moyen de description et d'explication. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Autoren stellen die Behauptung auf, daß von Charles Sanders Peirce entwickelte Begriffe wie 'Ikon' und 'Index' uns die besten Mittel an die Hand geben, Veränderungen zu beschreiben und zu erklaren. Der 'ikonische Index' dient dazu, Assimilation, Morphophonologie, Variationen in der individuellen Aussprache, grammatische Übereinstimmung sowie Bedeutungswandel zu erklären. In all diesen Fällen bietet der 'ikonische Index' genaue und erhellende Erklärungen. Um den Wert dieses Konzepts zu illustrieren, werden Beispiele aus volkstumlichen Reimen des Cockney und aus australischen Sprachen ge-wählt, die ein Prinzip kennen, demzufolge bestimmte lexikalische Bereiche (z.B. die Schwiegermutter betreffend) umgangen werden. Der 'ikonische Index' erlaubt uns auch, Parallelen zu bestimmten abendländischen Tabus zu ziehen. Selbst in diesen Fallen eines drastischen lexikalischen Wechsels erweist sich das Konzept als ein wichtiges Beschreibungs- und Erklärungs-mittel.

scholarly journals Phonological Adaptation of Hokkien Loanwords in Indonesian

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Uti Aryanti
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Phonological Rules

Abstract. The Chinese loan words in Indonesian mainly come from the Hokkien. Many scholars have studied the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, but they analyzed from the perspective of semantics and culture, and there is still little research on phonological adaptation. This research attempts to answer three questions, namely, what phonological adaptation do the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian have in the process of being accepted? Are there sound correspondences between Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? What are the phonological rules for phonological adaptation of Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? This research is mainly based on the literature method and comparative research method. Data were collected through literature search and recording. The collected data were processed for natural hearing, a comparative analysis of two Indonesian Hokkien speakers' sound production, and four Indonesian speakers' sound production is conducted. The sound production of the speakers are segmented and coded manually using Praat Version 6.0 (Boersma & Weenink, 2015) focused on the measurements of the acoustic parameters of the sounds produced differently by the two groups of informants and, finally, summed up. Since Indonesian has a more uncomplicated vowel system and a different consonant inventory, when we look at the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, we will observe many substitution rules. To maintain the Indonesian syllable structure and phonological restrictions, the Indonesian phonological rules that appear in certain environments are considered to apply to Hokkien loanwords.Keywords: Language contact, Hokkien loanwords, Phonological adaptation

scholarly journals Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction

Phonology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Initial Stress ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
High Vowels ◽  
Phonological Change

During the fixed initial-stress period of Latin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), internal open syllable vowels were totally neutralised, usually raising to /i/ (*per.fa.ki.oː>perficiō ‘I complete’), whereas in closed syllables /a/ was raised to /e/, but the other vowels remained distinct (*per.fak.tos>perfectus ‘completed’). Miller (1972) explains closed syllable resistance by positing internal secondary stress on closed syllables. However, evidence from vowel reduction and syncope suggest that internal syllables never bore stress in early archaic times. A typologically unusual alternative is proposed: contrary to the pattern normally found (Maddieson 1985), vowels had longer duration in closed syllables than in open syllables, as in Turkish and Finnish, thus permitting speakers to attain the targets for non-high vowels in closed syllables. This durational pattern is manifested not only in vowel reduction, but also in the quantitative changes seen in ‘classical’ and ‘inverse’ compensatory lengthenings, the development CVːCV > CVC and ‘superheavy’ degemination (VːCCV > VːCV).

Type frequency influences phonological generalizations: Eliminating stressed open syllables with short vowels in West Germanic

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mailhammer ◽  
William W. Kruger ◽  
Alexander Makiyama
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Phonological Change ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Relationship

A pivotal process in the loss of phonological quantity in West Germanic languages is what is traditionally known as Open Syllable Lengthening. Existing accounts have found no explanation for why languages such as English apply this change in less than 50% of the relevant cases. This paper presents the results of a corpus investigation of four West Germanic languages showing that whether Open Syllable Lengthening occurs in more than 50% of predicted cases correlates with the ratio of closed syllables with short vowels to open syllables with long vowels. We interpret this as the result of frequency effects that have markedly shaped the application of Open Syllable Lengthening in West Germanic. This has implications for phonological change in general, as well as for the relationship between stress and syllable structure in West Germanic languages.*

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