scholarly journals Firm local embeddedness in an insular region: The Åland Islands compared to Finland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvard Johansson ◽  
Jouko Kinnunen ◽  
Juhana Peltonen
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Peripheral Part ◽  
Local Firm ◽  
Focal Firm ◽  
Local Embeddedness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insular Region

The present study analyzes the difference between the Åland Islands — an insular and peripheral part of Finland — and Finland as a whole in terms of firm local embeddedness. The analysis utilizes matched employee-employer longitudinal data for all businesses in Finland, including the Åland Islands, from 2006 to 2014. Local embeddedness is modelled both as tenure (the number of years a key stakeholder in a firm has lived in the same municipality as the firm) and by calculating the geographical distance the key stakeholder lives from the focal firm. Contrary to our expectations, we find that for our tenure measure of local embeddedness, firms are actually less locally embedded in the peripheral region than in the larger country. However, our distance measure of local embeddedness performs as expected with firms in the peripheral region. We hypothesize that that there may be an optimal level of local embeddedness, above which a local firm does not necessarily gain by further increasing its local embeddedness.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Distance Measure of Picture Fuzzy Sets and Its Application

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Ruirui Zhao ◽  
Minxia Luo ◽  
Shenggang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fuzzy Point ◽  
Point Operator ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Picture Fuzzy Sets

Picture fuzzy sets, which are the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, can deal with inconsistent information better in practical applications. A distance measure is an important mathematical tool to calculate the difference degree between picture fuzzy sets. Although some distance measures of picture fuzzy sets have been constructed, there are some unreasonable and counterintuitive cases. The main reason is that the existing distance measures do not or seldom consider the refusal degree of picture fuzzy sets. In order to solve these unreasonable and counterintuitive cases, in this paper, we propose a dynamic distance measure of picture fuzzy sets based on a picture fuzzy point operator. Through a numerical comparison and multi-criteria decision-making problems, we show that the proposed distance measure is reasonable and effective.

How do Optimistic Individuals Affect Insurance Advertisements?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Fujii ◽  
Michiko Ogaku ◽  
Mahito Okura ◽  
Yusuke Osaki
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Accident Probability ◽  
Insurance Firms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Accident Probabilities ◽  
Equilibrium Number

AbstractSome people have optimistic expectations regarding their accident probability, and thus, refrain from purchasing adequate insurance. This study investigates how insurance firms use advertisements to lower the ratio of optimistic individuals in the market. The main results are as follows: first, the optimal level of advertisements is maximized when the insurance premium is moderate. Second, the maximum level of advertisement varies according to the degree of optimism, which is measured by the difference between accurate and optimistic accident probabilities. Third, the advertisement decision is affected by the free-rider problem, and the equilibrium number of insurance firms with advertisement is always larger than that of firms without advertisement in a competitive insurance market.

scholarly journals Distance Metrics of D Numbers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguo Fei ◽  
Yuqiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Distance Function ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Belief Function ◽  
Distance Metrics ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
D Numbers

Belief function has always played an indispensable role in modeling cognitive uncertainty. As an inherited version, the theory of D numbers has been proposed and developed in a more efficient and robust way. Within the framework of D number theory, two more generalized properties are extended: (1) the elements in the frame of discernment (FOD) of D numbers do not required to be mutually exclusive strictly; (2) the completeness constraint is released. The investigation shows that the distance function is very significant in measuring the difference between two D numbers, especially in information fusion and decision. Modeling methods of uncertainty that incorporate D numbers have become increasingly popular, however, very few approaches have tackled the challenges of distance metrics. In this study, the distance measure of two D numbers is presented in cases, including complete information, incomplete information, and non-exclusive elements

scholarly journals Usulan Tata Letak Ulang Menggunakan Software Quantitative Systems untuk Meminimalkan Jarak Perpindahan Bahan di Lantai Produksi Departemen Mechanic PT Jefta Prakarsa Pratama

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Khristian Edi Nugroho ◽  
Dimas Rahmawan ◽  
Prayogo Adi Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Material Handling ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Optimal Layout ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Rectilinear Distance ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Straight Flow ◽  
Manual Calculation ◽  
Moving Process

The layout applied on the production floor of the Department of Mechanic of PT. Jefta Prakarsa Pratama is not considered as an optimal layout. The reason triggered this optimal level, are some backtrack movements that reduce the effectiveness and efficiency of material handling activities. This research refers to two types of calculation methods. First, manual calculation, which is rectilinear distance measure. Second, computerized calculation, which is Quantitative Systems (QS) software. There are three critical criterias referenced in this research, i.e. straight flow of material, more minimal backtrack movement, and more minimal material moving distance. The iteration results using QS software are translated into block layout and then are made as a proposed layout. The rectilinear calculations performed manually are intended to calculate the total of material moving distance. The data processing obtained a re-layout solution which is more optimal for the production floor of the Department of Mechanic, because it could reduce backtrack distance by 75.28% and the material moving distance by 30.03%. The implementation of the proposed layout is expected to reduce the time of material moving activity on the production floor of the Department of Mechanic, so that the material moving process could run more effectively and efficiently.

scholarly journals A Consistency Check Method for Trusted Hesitant Fuzzy Sets with Confidence Levels Based on a Distance Measure

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Huimin Xiao ◽  
Meiqi Wang ◽  
Xiaoning Xi
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Consistency Check ◽  
Hesitant Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Check Method ◽  
The Difference

This paper proposes a consistency check method for hesitant fuzzy sets with confidence levels by employing a distance measure. Firstly, we analyze the difference between each fuzzy element and its corresponding attribute comprehensive decision value and then obtain a comprehensive distance measure for each attribute. Subsequently, by taking the relative credibility as the weight, we assess the consistency of hesitant fuzzy sets. Finally, numerical examples are put forward to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Negative dominance and dominance-by-dominance epistatic effects reduce grain-yield heterosis in wide crosses in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. eaay4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp H. G. Boeven ◽  
Yusheng Zhao ◽  
Patrick Thorwarth ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Hans Peter Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Hybrid Wheat ◽  
Wide Crosses ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Dominance ◽  
Global Food

The genetics underlying heterosis, the difference in performance of crosses compared with midparents, is hypothesized to vary with relatedness between parents. We established a unique germplasm comprising three hybrid wheat sets differing in the degree of divergence between parents and devised a genetic distance measure giving weight to heterotic loci. Heterosis increased steadily with heterotic genetic distance for all 1903 hybrids. Midparent heterosis, however, was significantly lower in the hybrids including crosses between elite and exotic lines than in crosses among elite lines. The analysis of the genetic architecture of heterosis revealed this to be caused by a higher portion of negative dominance and dominance-by-dominance epistatic effects. Collectively, these results expand our understanding of heterosis in crops, an important pillar toward global food security.

scholarly journals In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Bartosz Rozenek ◽  
Monika Górska ◽  
Karolina Wilczyńska ◽  
Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Neurochemical Profile ◽  
Performance Enhancers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractAn increasing number of people, students in particular, seek substances that improve their cognitive functioning. The most popular group of pharmacological cognitive enhancers (PCEs) are stimulants. Available studies suggest a small beneficial effect of methylphenidate and amphetamine on memory, executive functions, and processing speed. However small, this effect can make the difference between success and failure. In recent years, research has focused on the additional beneficial effect on the emotional state, increased motivation, and placebo-induced cognitive enhancement. This paper briefly reviews the latest and most important research on the relationship between popular stimulants and cognitive enhancement. One cannot understand this relationship without understanding the Yerkes-Dodson law, which explains the relationship between the degree of arousal and performance. It suggests that the effect of stimulants is a dose-dependent continuum. This law has repeatedly been confirmed by studies in which an optimal level of psychoactivation for cognitive enhancement was obtained with low stimulant doses, whereas exceeding the effective dose resulted in cognitive deficits, psychomotor agitation, and addiction. A separate section has been devoted to modafinil, an increasingly popular stimulant that differs from the rest in neurochemical profile and behavioural effects.

Homelands of the world’s language families

Diachronica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Wichmann ◽  
André Müller ◽  
Viveka Velupillai
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Diversity Measure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Automated Tool

A systematic, computer-automated tool for narrowing down the homelands of linguistic families is presented and applied to 82 of the world’s larger families. The approach is inspired by the well-known idea that the geographical area of maximal diversity within a language family corresponds to the original homeland. This is implemented in an algorithm which takes a lexicostatistically derived distance measure and a geographical distance measure and computes a lexical diversity measure for each language in the family relative to all the other related languages. The location of the language with the highest diversity measure is heuristically identified with the homeland.

scholarly journals A Vectorial Tree Distance Measure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Priel ◽  
Boaz Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Lexicographic Order ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Tree Distance ◽  
Hierarchical Trees ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Branches

Abstract A vectorial distance measure for trees is presented. Given two trees, we align the trees from their centers outwards, starting from the root-branches, to make the next level as similar as possible. The algorithm is recursive; condition on the alignment of the root-branches we align the sub-branches, thereafter each alignment is conditioned on the previous one. We define a minimal alignment under a lexicographic order which follows the intuition that the differences between the two trees closer to their cores dominate their differences at a higher level. Given such a minimal alignment, the difference in the number of branches calculated at any level defines the entry of the distance vector at that level. We compare our algorithm to other well-known tree distance measures in the task of clustering sets of phylogenetic trees. We use the TreeSimGM simulator for generating stochastic phylogenetic trees. The vectorial tree distance can successfully separate symmetric from asymmetric trees, and hierarchical from non-hierarchical trees.

Some Measures of Picture Fuzzy Sets and Their Application

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Dinh ◽  
Nguyen Xuan Thao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Dissimilarity Measure ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
Picture Fuzzy Set ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Picture Fuzzy Sets

To measure the difference of two fuzzy sets (FSs) / intuitionistic sets (IFSs), we can use the distance measure and dissimilarity measure between fuzzy sets/intuitionistic fuzzy set. Characterization of distance/dissimilarity measure between fuzzy sets/intuitionistic fuzzy set is important as it has application in different areas: pattern recognition, image segmentation, and decision making. Picture fuzzy set (PFS) is a generalization of fuzzy set and intuitionistic set, so that it have many application. In this paper, we introduce concepts: difference between PFS-sets, distance measure and dissimilarity measure between picture fuzzy sets, and also provide  the formulas for determining these values. We also present an application of dissimilarity measures in the sample recognition problems, can also be considered a decision-making problem.

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