scholarly journals Dietary sodium intake among Canadian adults with and without hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Shi ◽  
M de Groh ◽  
H Morrison ◽  
C Robinson ◽  
L Vardy
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Reduce Sodium Intake ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Confounding Adjustment

Introduction Almost 30% of hypertension among Canadians may be attributed to excess dietary sodium. Methods We examined the average sodium intake of Canadians aged 30 years and over, with and without hypertension, by age, sex and diabetes status using 24-hour recall data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, Nutrition. We compared absolute (crude) average sodium intake levels of those with and without hypertension to the 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) guidelines and adjusted average sodium intake between those with and without hypertension. Results Both those with and without diagnosed hypertension display average sodium intakes well above the 1500 mg/day recommended by the 2009 CHEP guidelines (2950 mg/day and 3175 mg/day, respectively). After confounding adjustment, those with hypertension have significantly higher average sodium intake (p = .0124). Stratified subgroup analyses found the average sodium intake among those with hypertension was higher for men between 30 and 49 years old (p = .0265), women between 50 and 69 years old (p = .0083) and those without diabetes (p = .0071) when compared to their counterparts without hypertension. Conclusion Better approaches are needed to reduce sodium intake in hypertension patients, as well as the general population.

Trends in sugary drinks in Canada, 2004 to 2015: a comparison of market sales and dietary intake data

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 2723-2728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine D Czoli ◽  
Amanda C Jones ◽  
David Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sectional Analysis

AbstractObjective:The current study aimed to examine the correspondence between sales data and dietary recall data for sugary drinks in Canada.Design:Repeat cross-sectional analysis of sales data for sugary drinks sold in Canada from 2004 to 2015 from two sources: GlobalData (GD) and Euromonitor (EM). Sugary drinks included ten beverage categories containing free sugars. Analyses examined sales volumes over time, with adjustment for population growth. National intake estimates were drawn from the 2004 and 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Nutrition.Setting:Canada.Participants:Not applicable.Results:In 2015, daily per capita sugary drinks consumption was estimated as 356 ml (GD) and 443 ml (EM) from sales data sources, and as 277 ml from dietary recall data. Both sales data sources and dietary recall data indicated that per capita sugary drinks consumption decreased from 2004 to 2015, although the magnitude of this change differed: −23 % (GD), −17 % (EM) and −32 % (CCHS Nutrition). Market sales data showed similar trends among categories of sugary drinks, with decreases in sales of traditional beverage categories (e.g. carbonated soft drinks) and increases in novel categories (e.g. sugar-sweetened coffee).Conclusions:All data sources indicate a declining trend in sugary drinks consumption between 2004 and 2015, but with considerable differences in magnitude. Consumption estimates from sales data were substantially higher than estimates from dietary recall data, likely due to under-reporting of beverage intake through dietary recall and the inability of sales data to account for beverages sold but not consumed. Despite the observed decline, sugary drinks sales volumes remain high in Canada.

scholarly journals Mapping Dietary Sodium Reduction Policies and Initiatives in the Region of the Americas

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1714-1714
Author(s):  
Nadia Flexner ◽  
Mary L'Abbé ◽  
Barbara Legowski ◽  
Ruben Grajeda Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
World Health ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Sodium Reduction ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Reduce Sodium Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Objectives To map existing country policies addressing population dietary sodium reduction in the Americas; to identify policy gaps in the region following what is outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) “Best Buys” most cost-effective recommendations for the prevention and control of diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); and to discuss priorities for future work in the Region. Methods This study used mixed methods to analyze data from 34 countries. Data were collected through a structured review, of mostly national official sources, to identify current policies in place to reduce population sodium intake. Also, responses from the last Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) online Survey on National Initiatives for Sodium Reduction in the Americas were included. Finally, country profiles were prepared and sent to each country's Public Health Agency for validation and comments. Results Almost all countries (n = 23/34) had a recommendation to reduce salt intake included in policies related to NCDs. Only six countries had specific and comprehensive policies to reduce sodium intake, and only one of them was a National Law. Adoption of the WHO “Best Buys” in national policies included: reformulation of food products with voluntary (n = 9/34) and mandatory targets (n = 2/34); establishment of a supportive environment in public institutions (n = 14/34); and implementation of front-of-pack labelling (n = 5/34). Some countries have implemented regulations restricting marketing of foods high in sodium to children (n = 5/34); nutritional labelling that includes sodium content, either voluntary (n = 9/34) or mandatory (n = 10/34); and no country has yet implemented taxes on high sodium foods. Conclusions In recent years, there has been a significant advance in policies to reduce sodium intake in the Region of the Americas. However, this review identified that the level of implementation in practice is complex to assess and quite heterogeneous. Reducing sodium consumption is a cost-effective intervention that can save many lives, by preventing and reducing the burden of diet related NCD's. Therefore, a further call to action is needed for governments to accelerate efforts in order to meet the 2025 global target of a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of sodium. Funding Sources Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO).

scholarly journals Developing a Web-based dietary sodium screening tool for personalized assessment and feedback

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnne Arcand ◽  
Kasim Abdulaziz ◽  
Carol Bennett ◽  
Mary R. L’Abbé ◽  
Douglas G. Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Screening Tool ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Reduction ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Web Based ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Sodium Consumption

Dietary sodium reduction is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, heart and liver failure, and chronic kidney disease. Sodium reduction is also an important public health problem since most of the Canadian population consumes sodium in excess of their daily requirements. Lack of awareness about the amount of sodium consumed and the sources of sodium in diet is common, and undoubtedly a major contributor to excess sodium consumption. There are few known tools available to screen and provide personalized information about sodium in the diet. Therefore, we developed a Web-based sodium intake screening tool called the Salt Calculator ( www.projectbiglife.ca ), which is publicly available for individuals to assess the amount and sources of sodium in their diet. The Calculator contains 23 questions focusing on restaurant foods, packaged foods, and added salt. Questions were developed using sodium consumption data from the Canadian Community Health Survey cycle 2.2 and up-to-date information on sodium levels in packaged and restaurant food databases from the University of Toronto. The Calculator translates existing knowledge about dietary sodium into a tool that can be accessed by the public as well as integrated into clinical practice to address the high levels of sodium presently in the Canadian diet.

scholarly journals The Equity and Effectiveness of Achieving Canada’s Voluntary Sodium Reduction Guidance Targets: A Modelling Study Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Brendan T. Smith ◽  
Salma Hack ◽  
Mahsa Jessri ◽  
JoAnne Arcand ◽  
Lindsay McLaren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Sodium Reduction ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
Community Health Survey

Background: High sodium intake is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study estimated full compliance to Canada’s voluntary sodium reduction guidance (SRG) targets on social inequities and population sodium intake. Methods: We conducted a modeling study using n = 19,645, 24 h dietary recalls (Canadians ≥ 2 years) from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition (2015 CCHS-N). Multivariable linear regressions were used to estimate mean sodium intake in measured (in the 2015 CCHS-N) and modelled (achieving SRG targets) scenarios across education, income and food security. The percentage of Canadians with sodium intakes above chronic disease risk reduction (CDRR) thresholds was estimated using the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) method. Results: In children aged 2–8, achieving SRG targets reduced mean sodium intake differences between food secure and insecure households from 271 mg/day (95%CI: 75,468) to 83 mg/day (95%CI: −45,212); a finding consistent across education and income. Mean sodium intake inequities between low and high education households were eliminated for females aged 9–18 (96 mg/day, 95%CI: −149,341) and adults aged 19 and older (males: 148 mg/day, 95%CI: −30,327; female: −45 mg/day, 95%CI: −141,51). Despite these declines (after achieving the SRG targets) the majority of Canadians’ are above the CDRR thresholds. Conclusion: Achieving SRG targets would eliminate social inequities in sodium intake and reduce population sodium intake overall; however, additional interventions are required to reach recommended sodium levels.

scholarly journals Don't Take it With a Grain of Salt

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulika Yoshida-Montezuma ◽  
Salma Hack ◽  
Christine Warren ◽  
Masha Jessri ◽  
JoAnne Arcand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
Reduce Sodium Intake ◽  
Upper Level

Background: Currently, sodium consumption of Canadians (2760 mg/day) exceeds the 2300 mg/day tolerable upper level putting Canadians at risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Voluntary sodium reformulation strategies have been implemented in Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US) to reduce sodium intake from processed foods. The potential for sodium reformulation to reduce sodium intake across socioeconomic position (SEP) is not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent to which fully achieving sodium reformulation targets for processed foods outlined in the Canada, UK, US strategies would decrease population and social inequities in sodium intake in Canadian adults.   Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition (n=13,519 participants aged ≥19 years, 53% females). Foods from the 24-hour dietary recall were matched to each country’s sodium reduction categories and target sodium levels were applied. Multivariable linear regressions were used to estimate mean sodium intake for the population and across SEP indicators (educational attainment, household food security, and household income adequacy quintiles).   Results: Achieving Canada’s targets would reduce average sodium intake by 228 mg/day (95%CI: 196,260) compared to baseline. UK’s sodium targets would achieve greater reductions, decreasing average sodium intake by 270 mg/day (95%CI: 242,299). The US sodium targets would increase average sodium intake by 98 mg/day (95%CI: 64,132). Achieving sodium reformulation targets resulted in greater reductions in sodium intake in men, and in lower SEP groups. For example, educational inequalities in sodium intake observed at baseline were reduced in men [Canada: (RD: 148 mg/day, 95%CI: -30,327); UK: (RD: 152 mg/day, 95%CI: -43,347)] and eliminated in women.   Conclusion: Achieving targets outlined in Canada and UK’s voluntary sodium reformulation strategies would significantly reduce mean sodium intake in Canadians. This study demonstrated the potential for reducing social inequities in sodium intake and health. 

Beverage patterns among Canadian children and relationship to overweight and obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 900-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne D. Danyliw ◽  
Hassanali Vatanparast ◽  
Nooshin Nikpartow ◽  
Susan J. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Soft Drink ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Sweetened beverage intake has risen in past decades, along with a rise in prevalence of overweight and obesity among children. Our objective was to examine the relationship between beverage intake patterns and overweight and obesity among Canadian children. Beverage intake patterns were identified by cluster analysis of data from the cross-sectional Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2. Intake data were obtained from a single 24-hour recall, height and weight were measured, and sociodemographic data were obtained via interview. Data on children and adolescents aged 2–18 years who met inclusion criteria (n = 10 038) were grouped into the following categories: 2–5 years (male and female), 6–11 years (female), 6–11 years (male), 12–18 years (female), and 12–18 years (male). χ2 test was used to compare rates of overweight and obesity across clusters. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between overweight and obesity and beverage intake patterns, adjusting for potential confounders. Clustering resulted in distinct groups of who drank mostly fruit drinks, soft drinks, 100% juice, milk, high-fat milk, or low-volume and varied beverages (termed “moderate”). Boys aged 6–11 years whose beverage pattern was characterized by soft drink intake (553 ± 29 g) had increased odds of overweight–obesity (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.1) compared with a “moderate” beverage pattern (23 ± 4 g soft drink). No significant relationship emerged between beverage pattern and overweight and obesity among other age–sex groups. Using national cross-sectional dietary intake data, Canadian children do not show a beverage–weight association except among young boys who drink mostly soft drinks, and thus may be at increased risk for overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E Charlton ◽  
Krisela Steyn ◽  
Naomi S Levitt ◽  
Deborah Jonathan ◽  
Jabulisiwe V Zulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
24 Hour Recall

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and validate a short food-frequency questionnaire to assess habitual dietary salt intake in South Africans and to allow classification of individuals according to intakes above or below the maximum recommended intake of 6 g salt day−1.DesignCross-sectional validation study in 324 conveniently sampled men and women.MethodsRepeated 24-hour urinary Na values and 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained on three occasions. Food items consumed by >5% of the sample and which contributed ≥50 mg Na serving−1 were included in the questionnaire in 42 categories. A scoring system was devised, based on Na content of one index food per category and frequency of consumption.ResultsPositive correlations were found between Na content of 35 of the 42 food categories in the questionnaire and total Na intake, calculated from 24-hour recall data. Total Na content of the questionnaire was associated with Na estimations from 24-hour recall data (r = 0.750; P < 0.0001; n = 328) and urinary Na (r = 0.152; P = 0.0105; n = 284). Urinary Na was higher for subjects in tertile 3 than tertile 1 of questionnaire Na content (P < 0.05). Questionnaire Na content of <2400 and ≥2400 mg day−1 equated to a reference cut-off score of 48 and corresponded to mean (standard deviation) urinary Na values of 145 (68) and 176 (99) mmol day−1, respectively (P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity against urinary Na ≥100 and <100 mmol day−1 was 12.4% and 93.9%, respectively.ConclusionA 42-item food-frequency questionnaire has been shown to have content-, construct- and criterion-related validity, as well as internal consistency, with regard to categorising individuals according to their habitual salt intake; however, the devised scoring system needs to show improved sensitivity.

scholarly journals Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Vargas-Meza ◽  
Manuel A. Cervantes-Armenta ◽  
Ismael Campos-Nonato ◽  
Claudia Nieto ◽  
Joaquín Alejandro Marrón-Ponce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Low K ◽  
Fourth Quartile ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Sodium Consumption

Population studies have demonstrated an association between sodium (Na) and po-tassium (K) intake and levels of blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake and distribution of Na and K in Mexicans, and their as-sociation with metabolic risk outcomes. We analyzed a national survey that included 4,219 participants. Dietary information was obtained through a 24-hour recall. Foods and beverages were classified based on the degree of processing. BP and biomarkers in blood and urine were measured. The mean intake (mg/d) of Na was 1512 in pre-schoolchildren, 2844 in schoolchildren, 3743 in adolescents, and 3132 in adults. The mean intake of K was 1616 in pre-schoolchildren, 2256 in schoolchildren, 2967 in adolescents, and 3401 in adults. Processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) contribute to sodium intake: 49% in preschool and schoolchildren, 47% in adolescents, and 39% in adults. Adults in the fourth quartile of sodium intake had lower serum concentrations of cholesterol (181.4 mg/dL) and HDL-c (35.5 mg/dL). The Mexican population has high Na and low K intakes. There is a relationship between Na sodium consumption and cholesterol, and LDL levels. UPF contributes to almost 40% of the sodium consumed by Mexicans.

Receiving Advice from a Health Professional and Action Taken to Reduce Dietary Sodium Intake among Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Woodruff ◽  
Katherine J. Overwyk ◽  
Mary E. Cogswell ◽  
Jing Fang ◽  
Sandra L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
New York State ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Sodium Reduction ◽  
Reduce Sodium Intake ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Taking Action

Abstract Objective: Population reductions in sodium intake could prevent hypertension, and current guidelines recommend that clinicians advise patients to reduce intake. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of taking action and receiving advice from a health professional to reduce sodium intake in 10 US jurisdictions, including the first-ever data in New York state and Guam. Design: weighted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) overall and by location, demographic group, health status, and receipt of provider advice using self-reported data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System optional sodium module Setting: seven states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam Participants: adults aged ≥18 years Results: Overall, 53.6% (CI: 52.7, 54.5) of adults reported taking action to reduce sodium intake, including 54.8% (CI: 52.8, 56.7) in New York and 61.2% (CI: 57.6, 64.7) in Guam. Prevalence varied by demographic and health characteristics and was higher among adults who reported having hypertension (72.5%; CI: 71.2, 73.7) vs. those who did not report having hypertension (43.9%; CI: 42.7, 45.0). Among those who reported receiving sodium reduction advice from a health professional, 82.6% (CI: 81.3, 83.9) reported action vs. 44.4% (CI: 43.4, 45.5) among those who did not receive advice. However, only 24.0% (CI: 23.3, 24.7) of adults reported receiving advice from a health professional to reduce sodium intake. Conclusions: The majority of adults report taking action to reduce sodium intake. Results highlight an opportunity to increase sodium reduction advice from health professionals during clinical visits to better align with existing guidelines.

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