scholarly journals In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad on Haemonchus contortus

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Tauseef Rehman ◽  
◽  
Khalid J. Iqbal ◽  
Azra Anwer ◽  
Rao Z. Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Serial Dilutions

Ethno-veterinary medicinal studies associated with traditional uses of the flora of the Cholistan desert have shown that fruits of Citrullus colocynthis are used for the treatment of helminth infections. The present research was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of C. colocynthis against H. contortus. The in vitro anthelmintic effects of aqueous-methanol and ethyl acetate fruit extracts of C. colocynthis against H. contortus were determined through egg hatch and adult motility assays. The effect of four serial dilutions of 25 mg/mL of each extract compared to levamisol (0.55 mg/mL) and oxfendazole (three serial dilutions of 25 µg/mL) were studied. Both ethyl acetate and aqueous-methanol extracts paralyzed all adult worms 4h and 8h post-exposure at a dose of 25 mg/mL each. In the egg hatch assay, about 83.67% and 80.67% of H. contortus eggs failed to hatch with the same dose (i.e. 25 mg/mL) of ethyl acetate and CAME extracts, respectively. The results of the present study strongly support fruit extracts of C. colocynthis as a promising alternative to synthetic drugs against H. contortus. These findings will lead to further in vivo studies to investigate the bio-availability of the active ingredients of the plant and the minimum non-lethal concentration required for treatment of haemonchosis in livestock. The anthelmintic effects of C. colocynthis might be attributed to the presence of phenolic acids.

scholarly journals In Vitro Anthelminthic Efficacy of Aqueous Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Extracts against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Fabio Castagna ◽  
Domenico Britti ◽  
Manuela Oliverio ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Sonia Bonacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Methanol Fraction ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Egg Hatch Test

The worldwide increased difficulty to counteract gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in sheep, due to progressing anthelmintic resistance, has led to the evaluation of other alternative helminth control options, mainly from plants. The anthelmintic efficacy of an aqueous Punica granatum macerate was evaluated in sheep naturally infected by GIN in southern Italy. The macerate was chemically characterized by chromatographic analysis coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) and an aliquot was concentrated to obtain a dry extract. A part was characterized, the remaining washed with methanol to obtain an insoluble residue and methanol phase. In the methanol fraction, the quantitatively predominant gallic acid was purified to obtain the pure molecule. The three fractions thus obtained were used for in vitro studies (i.e., egg hatch test) to verify anthelmintic efficacy. For this purpose, fecal samples were collected from sheep naturally infected by GINs. Fractions were diluted in H2O/DMSO 0.5% at 1.00, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.05, and 0.005 mg/mL concentrations. Thiabendazole (0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL) and deionized water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Egg hatch test results indicated that all fractions caused a significant (p < 0.05) egg hatch inhibition within 48 h of exposure highlighting a high (>82%) efficacy in vitro at all tested doses. Maximal egg hatching inhibition effect was exhibited by the methanol fraction (99.3% and 89.3% at 1 and 0.005 mg/mL concentrations), followed by the insoluble residue and gallic acid (94.7% and 85.3% and 94.0% and 82.7% at 1 and 0.005 mg/mL, respectively). The current study validated the anthelmintic potential of traditional P. granatum macerate against GIN infection in sheep, thus highlighting the role of gallic acid as principal component and justifying a need to undertake further in vivo studies on these ethno-veterinary remedies.

scholarly journals Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Arsenic Trioxide-Loaded Sodium Alginate Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumei Lian ◽  
Xuerui Wang ◽  
Pengcheng Guo ◽  
Yichen Li ◽  
Faisal Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Promising Alternative

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has a significant effect on the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and advanced primary liver cancer, but it still faces severe side effects. Considering these problems, red blood cell membrane-camouflaged ATO-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles (RBCM-SA-ATO-NPs, RSANs) were developed to relieve the toxicity of ATO while maintaining its efficacy. ATO-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles (SA-ATO-NPs, SANs) were prepared by the ion crosslinking method, and then RBCM was extruded onto the surface to obtain RSANs. The average particle size of RSANs was found to be 163.2 nm with a complete shell-core bilayer structure, and the average encapsulation efficiency was 14.31%. Compared with SANs, RAW 264.7 macrophages reduced the phagocytosis of RSANs by 51%, and the in vitro cumulative release rate of RSANs was 95% at 84 h, which revealed a prominent sustained release. Furthermore, it demonstrated that RSANs had lower cytotoxicity as compared to normal 293 cells and exhibited anti-tumor effects on both NB4 cells and 7721 cells. In vivo studies further showed that ATO could cause mild lesions of main organs while RSANs could reduce the toxicity and improve the anti-tumor effects. In brief, the developed RSANs system provides a promising alternative for ATO treatment safely and effectively.

scholarly journals Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of Arundo donax, Areca catechu, and Ferula assa-foetida against Haemonchus contortus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Nadeem Badar ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Sajid ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Muhammad Shareef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Better Than

Abstract In the present study, anthelmintic activities of Arundo (A.) donax L., Areca (Ar.) catechu L., and Ferula (F.) assa-foetida L. were determined. Leaves of A. donax L., latex of F. assa-foetida L. and seeds of Ar. catechu L. in different solvent fractions were subjected to in vitro (egg hatch assay; EHA, and adult motility assay; AMA) and in vivo (faecal egg count reduction test; FECRT) tests of anthelmintic activity using Haemonchus contortus model. In the AMA, crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAME) and ethyl acetate fractions of F. assa-foetida at 10 hr post-treatment showed maximum mortality of H. contortus at 12.5-50 mg mL-1. In the EHA, CAME of F. assa-foetida was identified as a potent ovicide based on its low LC50 (16.9 µg mL-1), followed in order by Ar. catechu and A. donax. Results from the FECRT also showed the extract of F. assa-foetida L. to be more effective than those of Ar. catechu L. and A. donax L., against the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed better anthelmintic activities against the adult worms in vitro, while CAME of these plants were better than their crude powders in vivo. It is recommended to document and investigate indigenous knowledge of possible medicinal plants to plan scientific trials that may justify their endorsement.

scholarly journals Assessment of hemolytic effect of Cassia flower extracts on human RBCs

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6-s) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shital S. Phuse ◽  
Zia. H. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Hemolytic Effect ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Human Rbcs

RBC membrane can be affected by consumption of bioactive compounds from herbs and medicinal plants. This study aimed to assess hemolytic effect of crude ethyl acetate and acetone extract from Cassia glauca flowers. Both the extracts of Cassia flowers were prepared, using Soxhlet apparatus. RBCs were washed with phosphate buffered saline and resuspended in 0.9% normal saline. These RBCs were added to different concentrations of the extracts and then incubated. After centrifugation, absorbance of the supernatant was determined by UV spectrophotometer at 540 nm. The present work shows that the fractions exhibited anti-hemolytic potential as extracts of Cassia flower showed very less percent of hemolysis when compared to standard quercetin. IC50values were found to be 23.77μg/ml for (CF EA) and 12.50μg/ml for Cassia flower in acetone(CF A)against standard which was found to be 41.75μg/ml. Extracts of Cassia flower exhibited very low hemolytic activity. Hence, it can be considered as safe to human RBCs.  In future recommend further in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Cassia glauca extracts for treated several diseases. Keyword: Extract, Acetone, Ethyl acetate, Cassia glauca flowers, Hemolytic effect, RBCs

scholarly journals Bletilla striataMicron Particles Function as a Hemostatic Agent by Promoting Rapid Blood Aggregation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Rui Zeng ◽  
Zhencheng Liao ◽  
Chaomei Fu ◽  
Hui Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hemostatic Agent ◽  
Severe Bleeding ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bletilla Striata ◽  
Visible Particle ◽  
Injury Model

The human body cannot control blood loss without treatment. Available hemostatic agents are ineffective at treating cases of severe bleeding and are expensive or raise safety concerns.Bletilla striataserve as an inexpensive, natural, and promising alternative. However, no detailed studies on its hemostatic approach have been performed. The aim of this study was to examine the hemostatic effects ofB. striataMicron Particles (BSMPs) and their hemostatic mechanisms. We prepared and characterized BSMPs of different size ranges and investigated their use as hemostatic agent. BSMPs of different size ranges were characterized by scanning electron microscope. In vitro coagulation studies revealed BSMP-blood aggregate formation via stereoscope and texture analyzers. In vivo studies based on rat injury model illustrated the BSMP capabilities under conditions of hemostasis. Compared to other BSMPs of different size ranges, BSMPs of 350–250 μm are most efficient in hemostasis. As powder sizes decrease, the degree of aggregation between particles and hemostatic BSMP effects declines. The BSMP in contact with a bleeding surface locally forms a visible particle/blood aggregate as a physical barrier that facilitates hemostasis. Considering the facile preparation, low cost, and long shelf life ofB. striata, BSMPs offer great potential as mechanisms of trauma treatment.

scholarly journals In Vivo and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Anthelmintic Medication Used in Sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Mihai CERNEA ◽  
Roxana FILIP ◽  
Raul CĂTANĂ ◽  
Laura CĂTANĂ
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Superior Efficacy ◽  
Reference Concentration ◽  
Post Therapy

Our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in sheep, as well as the resistance occurrence risk for the most commonly used substances. Anthelmintic medication efficacy was evaluated on 30 animals from a private farm, located in Sânmihaiu Almaşului, Sălaj County. In vivo studies were performed by using Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and testing an albendazole-based (ABZ) product. In vitro, we used Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA) for albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) (only for LDA). FECRT showed that intestinal nematodes developed resistance phenomena against the ABZ-based product, with an extensivity of 80% at seven days post therapy, an egg reduction percentage of 41.89% at seven days post-therapy and 43.9% at 14 days post-therapy. The in vitro EHA highlighted a superior efficacy of TBZ (egg hatch percentage at reference concentration being 51.21) compared to ABZ (71.89%), MBZ (84.46%) and FBZ (79.22%), with a minimum risk of anthelmintic resistance. The LDA test revealed the superior efficacy of FBZ (MIC 0.59 mcg/ml) and IVM (MIC 0.078 mcg/ml), with a minimal risk of inducing parasitic resistance. All in vivo and in vitro tests revealed a limited ABZ efficacy, recommending avoiding the therapy with this substance.

scholarly journals Crystal Guava (Psidium guajava L. “Crystal”): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Capacities and Phytochemical Content

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rika Hartati ◽  
Hashifah I. Nadifan ◽  
Irda Fidrianny
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Fruit Extracts

Free radicals can cause many diseases, such as cancer. Antioxidant is a compound that could scavenge free radicals. One of the natural antioxidants is guava. The goals of this research were to investigate the antioxidant activity of leaves and fruit of crystal guava by determining the value of the Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) using DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP; evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC); analyse the correlation between the TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP, and analyse the correlation between the 3 methods. Extraction was performed by the reflux method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Determination of AAI DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, the TPC, and the TFC was performed by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The correlation of the TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP and, also, the correlation of the 3 methods were investigated by Pearson’s method. The antioxidant activity of leaves and fruit extracts of crystal guava showed AAI DPPH in the range of 0.33–56.46, CUPRAC 0.20–7.31, and FRAP 1.65–59.89. The highest TPC was given by ethanol leaf extracts (49.55 ± 1.45 g GAE/100 g), while the highest TFC was for n-hexane leaf extracts (9.68 ± 0.210 g QE/100 g). The TPC of leaves extract had a significantly positive correlation with AAI DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP. AAI DPPH, AAI CUPRAC, and AAI FRAP of leaves and fruit extract of crystal guava showed a significantly positive correlation. In general, leaves extract had strong antioxidant activity by the three methods. For the highest antioxidant activity, ethanol was the best solvent for extraction leaves and ethyl acetate for extraction fruit of crystal guava. The TPC in leaves extract contributed to the antioxidant activity by DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods. The Antioxidant activity of leaves and fruit extracts of crystal guava was linear by the three methods.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI MEDIK. (MALVACEAE) AGAINST EGGS AND L3 LARVAE OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-207
Author(s):  
MUSHEERUL HASSAN ◽  
MIR RA ◽  
TRIPTI JOSHI ◽  
FIRDOUS AHMAD YATOO ◽  
HUMA HABIB
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Extraction Solvents

Objective: The present study was carried out to assess the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Abutilon theophrasti stem extracts. Methods: Simple maceration was employed for extraction. Solvents such as methanol, water, and hexane were used. Egg hatch test (EHT) and larval motility test were employed to check the anthelmintic activity of crude extracts. Concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 mg/ml were made. Levamisole and distilled water served as control, respectively. Results: All selected extracts displayed concentration-dependent inhibition except aqueous extracts. At higher concentration (500 mg/ml), stem extracts (methanol, aqueous, and ethanol) showed 74.39%, 72.5 and 70.03% of efficacy in EHT, respectively (p≤0.05). Meanwhile, inhibition of larval motility was seen higher with inhibition percentage of 79.79, 75.65, and 71.28 by methanolic, aqueous, and hexane extracts, respectively (p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The presents study suggests active principles having anthelmintic efficacy in Abutilon theopharsti stem.

scholarly journals Corrositex®, BCOP and HET-CAM as alternative methods to animal experimentation

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Cristina Laignier Cazedey ◽  
Flávia Chiva Carvalho ◽  
Flávia Angélica Másquio Fiorentino ◽  
Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Pain And Suffering

Tests in animals are used as models in toxicological and investigative studies. However, such tests have been considered inhumane because they can cause pain and suffering to experimental animals, while these methods can often be subjective. Protests calling for animal protection have questioned the effectiveness of in vivo tests and suggest the introduction of alternative, in vitro methods. International organizations, such as the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), the National Institute of Health (NIH), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), that regulate and develop new alternative animal models, have indicated the running of preliminary assays and execution of sequential tests, which consider physical-chemical properties and data of in vitro assays, before performing in vivo studies. Towards this background, the objective of the present article was to select promising alternative methods such as Corrositex®, BCOP and HET-CAM, intended to refine or replace the use of animals and reduce their suffering.

scholarly journals Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of Cyperus compressus Linn., a traditionally used anthelmintic plant in parasite-animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amar Deep Soren ◽  
Arun Kumar Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy

Abstract Background The decoction of the roots of Cyperus compressus (Cyperaceae) is used to treat helminth infection by the Santhal tribe of Assam. The study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy claims of the plant C. compressus through pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies employing available parasite-animal models such as Hymenolepis diminuta-Wistar rat (cestode) and Syphacia obvelata-Swiss mice (nematode) models. Results Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids. In vitro studies were conducted employing H. diminuta and S. obvelata. In vitro studies against H. diminuta revealed mortality of parasites at 8.3 ± 0.05 h at the highest concentration of C. compressus methanolic root extract (30 mg/ml), whereas reference drug praziquantel (PZQ), showed mortality at 5.84 ± 0.01 h. Against S. obvelata, in the same concentration of the extract, mortality of parasites occurred in a much later time of 24.13 ± 0.03 h, whereas in the reference drug albendazole (ABZ), the parasites showed mortality at 7.24 ± 0.08 h. In vivo studies against H. diminuta revealed 61.74% reduction in the eggs per gram (EPG) counts and 24% reduction in worm counts at the highest dose of 700 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of plant extract. Against S. obvelata, at 700 mg/kg b.w., 28.92% and 33.85% reduction in EPG and worm counts were recorded respectively. Conclusion Although the reference drugs showed better in vitro and in vivo efficacy, the plant extract showed a better in vitro efficacy against cestode parasite compared to its nematode counterpart indicating that it possesses a better cestocidal efficacy. EPG reductions were higher against H. diminuta, whereas worm count reduction was higher against S. obvelata. The findings justify the use of C. compressus as an anthelmintic in the traditional medicine of the Santhals of India.

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