scholarly journals 齊家之道,要在功夫

Author(s):  
Hongwen LI ◽  
Yali CONG

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Ni’s paper, “The Way of the Family and the Gongfu of Regulating the Family,” tells us that the right way to regulate the family, the country, and the world relies on self-cultivation. Prof. Ni’s insightful description indicates that there is a misunderstanding of “authority” and absolute obedience, and proposes a healthy way of understanding respect for authority as “helping those to grow well”. Prof. Ni is confident of the advantages of the traditional family-centered life. In response to the example regarding informed consent and family decision making, the authors comment that Professor Ni ultimately depends on the competent parent who can grasp the skill and art of “balance and right”. How, though, can we expect and rely on such a person existing? This point is the main argument of this review. The Confucian notion of family embodies many functions, including the excellent core values of “love, trust, safety, etc,” but family cannot hold the responsibility for everything, including totally surrogate decision making.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 37 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie T. Nolan ◽  
Mark T. Hughes ◽  
Joan Kub ◽  
Peter B. Terry ◽  
Alan Astrow ◽  
...  

AbstractObjective:Several studies have reported high levels of distress in family members who have made health care decisions for loved ones at the end of life. A method is needed to assess the readiness of family members to take on this important role. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure family member confidence in making decisions with (conscious patient scenario) and for (unconscious patient scenario) a terminally ill loved one.Methods:On the basis of a survey of family members of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) enriched by in-depth interviews guided by Self-Efficacy Theory, we developed six themes within family decision making self-efficacy. We then created items reflecting these themes that were refined by a panel of end-of-life research experts. With 30 family members of patients in an outpatient ALS and a pancreatic cancer clinic, we tested the tool for internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and for consistency from one administration to another using the test–retest reliability assessment in a subset of 10 family members. Items with item to total scale score correlations of less than .40 were eliminated.Results:A 26-item scale with two 13-item scenarios resulted, measuring family self-efficacy in decision making for a conscious or unconscious patient with a Cronbach's alphas of .91 and .95, respectively. Test–retest reliability was r = .96, p = .002 in the conscious senario and r = .92, p = .009 in the unconscious scenario.Significance of results:The Family Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale is valid, reliable, and easily completed in the clinic setting. It may be used in research and clinical care to assess the confidence of family members in their ability to make decisions with or for a terminally ill loved one.


Author(s):  
Yongsong GUO

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.對於沒有臨床救治希望的病人,要不要繼續治療?誰有最終的決定權?這既是臨床醫療問題,又是一個涉及社會倫理法規的問題。對於這樣的病人,不放棄治療可能意味著要消耗更多的醫療資源但又無法挽救病人,但是如果放棄治療,可能會遇到更多的來自社會傳統的、倫理法規的問題。筆者認為,在社會多元化發展的今天,面對臨床無效治療,應在尊重病人或病人家屬有最終決定權的前提下,以一定道德、法規為依據,按照一定的醫療程式和法律手續進行處理,可能是更為符合人道和社會公眾利益的理性選擇。There has not been a clear medical definition of futility. The concept of futile treatment involves not only medical, but also social, ethical, and legal components. This paper argues that in today's pluralistic moral circumstances, the patient and/or the family should have the final right to decision regarding futile treatment.Some are opposed to renouncing futile treatment, whatever futility is defined. For them, first, abandoning treatment is in conflict with the physician's basic duty of offering treatment. Second, giving up treatment also gives up the chance of making medical progress by attempting to treat the patient. Third, the patient would thereby lose the opportunity of prolonging the life. And finally, it would change the good image of the physician (as taking care of the patient). On the other hand, those who support renouncing futile treatment offer different reasons. First, giving up futile treatment will turn out to be respecting the value of the patient's life. Second, It would help people recognize the natural limit of contemporary medical development. Third, it would facilitate a reasonable pattern of distributing scarce medical resources. And finally, it could reduce the suffering of the patient. As a result, we face a social situation of moral pluralism: people disagree with each other regarding renouncing futile treatment.A difficult practical issue is who has the right to decide renouncing futile treatment. This paper argues that, giving individuals hold conflicting views of life, valoue and morality, the patient should have the final decision power regarding his/her own treatment. If the patient is incompetent, then the family should have the deciding right. In this respect we should overcome the longstanding medical paternalism. In addition, society should establish a prcocedure to regulate and facilitate the decision-mading of renouncing futile treatment.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 16 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.


Author(s):  
Jie BAI

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.近年來得益於女性地位的提升與名人效應,單身女性凍卵問題日趨成為社會輿論關注的焦點,由此也引發了法學界對單身女性生育權的討論。然而,單身女性凍卵不僅僅是一個法律議題,更是一個倫理問題。不僅法律和法規的制定和修訂中多有涉及對倫理的關照,凍卵的臨床實踐中也廣泛存在對倫理的考量。在結婚率和生育率持續走低當下社會,相當一部分單身 女性選擇凍卵的動機是希望脱離婚姻而進行自主的生育行 為。值得深思的是,東亞的儒教國家對輔助生殖的使用限制最為嚴格、政策最為保守。本文試圖通過分析儒家會如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為,來探討儒學倫理對單身女性凍卵抱有怎麽樣的態度、能夠帶來怎麽的啟示。本文認為,儘管在法律維度上應該肯定單身女性擁有生育權,但在倫理層面上,脱離婚姻的生育行為應該極為審慎,因為其有違儒家倫理中對家庭秩序的看重,同時也讓“雙親撫育”難以得到實現。In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the status of women and the celebrity effect, the issue of the frozen eggs of single women has become a focus of public opinion, leading to discussion of the reproductive rights of single women in the legal arena. However, single women's frozen eggs are also an ethical issue. The laws and regulations not only involve ethics, but also ethical considerations in the clinical practice of frozen eggs. In today's society, in which the marriage rate and fertility rate continue to decline, many single women choose to freeze their eggs to distinguish between reproductive activities and marriage. It is worth thinking about the fact that Confucian East Asia has the strictest restrictions and most conservative policy on the use of assisted reproduction. This paper explores how Confucian ethics have a different position on single women’s frozen eggs by analyzing how Confucianism views fertility behaviors that are separated from marriage. It argues that although it is certain that a single woman has the right to give birth in the legal dimension, ethically, the procreative behavior of marriage should be taken with caution, as it violates the Confucian ethic of the family order by making parental care more difficult.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 45 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisfi Laili Munawaroh ◽  
Nur Azizah

A harmonious family is the most beautiful treasure in the life of the world. A harmonious family can be a wonderful spirit to do everything. But sometimes life in the family will find problems. So that harmonious family atmosphere is often eroded by these problems. Actually, every problem will find the right solution if a family can communicate intensely.This study focuses on family disharmony in terms of communication intensity. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of case study research. The subjects of this study were DT, WI, LL, SG, LM, ES, and HT. The data presented is obtained by doing field observation directly with the support of interviews to the related subjects. The data is presented in the form of words, then analyzed to be taken conclusion as the result of research.After the researcher conducted the initial observation and found the family who in the disharmonic condition in Karangpucung village, Purwokerto Selatan subdistrict, the writer do deeper observation and interview related to family disharmony in terms of communication intensity.The results showed that the intensity aspects of communication in DT and WI families were: 1) attention during communication, 2) regularity, 3) message width, and 4) message depth. In addition, the intensity of communication factors in DT and WI families are 1) self-image and image of others, 2) psychological atmosphere, 3) physical environment, 4) tendency to lead together, and 5) dislike trust as a telling place between DT and WI


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
Inna Gorofyanyuk ◽  

Podolia is an ethnographic region of Ukraine, which is known for active interethnic contacts for many centuries, which, on the one hand, have systematically enriched the Podolsk spiritual and material culture, and on the other hand, in various spheres of the traditional culture of the Podolians, there is a preservation of many Slavic archaic elements. The article presents the archaic elements of the traditional culture of the Ukrainians of Podolia in traditional family rituals – birthlore, wedding and funeral on the material of the verbal component of the cultural text. Field records of dialectal texts, made by the author in 2006–2014 in more than 100 villages of Vinnitsa region served as empirical basis of the study. The family rites texts attest the realization of the main semantic oppositions of the Slavic picture of the world: "top" – "bottom", "full" – "empty", "own" – "alien". The motives of the cult of ancestors, deception of death, syncretism of agrarian and family rituals are elements of the archaic, which constitute an essential part of the folk consciousness and beliefs of the Podolians. Several fragments of the folk culture of the Ukrainians of Podolia presented in the article through the prism of the comparative typological analysis, with the involvement of data from other Slavic traditions, signal the preservation of the general archaic fund of the spiritual culture of the Slavs


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-181
Author(s):  
I Made Suharta

Anak-anak di dunia ini sangat membutuhkan bimbingan dari orang tua yang dilakukan dengan adanya rasa kasih sayang dari keluarga terutama bimbingan dari orang tua.  Dengan bimbingan dan kasih sayang yang sepatutnya, seorang anak akan bertumbuh menjadi suatu kesukaan bagi orang tua, berkat bagi dunia, dan terang bercahaya bagi Allah. Pengaruh keluarga atau pun juga guru yang mengajar mereka di sekolah bagi perkembangan anak sangatlah besar. Karena guru juga merupakan tempat utama bagi pembentukan karakter, watak, dan kepribadian anak di sekolah. Dengan bantuan dan dorongan dari keluarga, teman-teman, dan anggota-anggota keluarga besar, anak-anak seharusnya merasakan masa kanak-kanak sebagai suatu masa untuk menemukan pribadi seperti yang telah dikehendaki oleh Tuhan. Namun keadaan dunia ini tidaklah selalu sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Dunia saat ini memberikan kepada anak-anak kemudahan-kemudahan untuk melakukan sesuatu yang tidak sesuai dengan yang diajarkan dalam keluarga begitu juga dengan lingkungan sangat mempengaruhi pembentukan pola-pola kepribadian maupun pola-pola sikapnya. Ketika orang tua tidak memberikan kasih sayang kepada anak sejak kecil yang seharusnya diterima oleh anak dan ketika orang tua gagal memberikan kasih sayang kepada anak, maka anak tidak dapat bertumbuh dengan baik dan di sekolah pun anak tidak aktif dalam mengikuti pengajaran. Hal yang lainnya ialah, mereka bertumbuh menjadi anak-anak yang pemalu dan takut untuk tampil didepan umum, juga kurang percaya diri, menganggap diri kurang mampu, tidak hanya di sekolah namun di lingkungan juga.  Peristiwa lainnya ialah ketika orang tua tidak terlalu mementingkan pertumbuhan anak, maka akan membuat anak sulit mengikuti pengajaran yang baik di sekolah. Kasus-kasus di atas, adalah akibat kurangnya pastoral konseling terhadap anak pada usia 5-12 tahun sehingga berdampak pembentukan karakter dan emosi yang kurang baik. Oleh sebab itu guru diharapkan mampu untuk mengerti pastoral konseling dengan benar dan menjalankannya didalam pengajaran tiap-tiap hari yang dilakukan seorang guru di sekolah, karena pastoral konseling terhadap anak yang benar akan mempengaruhi kecerdasan anak dan anak dapat merasakan kasih sayang atau perhatian yang seharusnya mereka dapatkan dari orang tua.   Children in this world really need guidance from parents which is done with the love of family, especially guidance from parents. With proper guidance and affection, a child will grow into a joy for parents, a blessing to the world, and a bright light for God. The influence of the family or also the teacher who teaches them at school for children's development is very large. Because the teacher is also the main place for the formation of character, character, and personality of children in school. With the help and encouragement from family, friends, and members of extended families, children should feel childhood as a time to find the person who is desired by God. But the state of this world is not always as expected. Today's world gives children the ease of doing things that are not in accordance with what is taught in the family as well as the environment greatly influencing the formation of personality patterns and patterns of attitude. When parents do not give love to children since childhood which should be accepted by children and when parents fail to give love to children, then the child cannot grow properly and even in school the child is not active in following teaching. The other thing is, they grow up to be shy children who are afraid to appear in public, also lack of confidence, consider themselves less capable, not only in school but also in the environment. Other events are when parents are not too concerned with the child's growth, it will make it difficult for children to follow good teaching in school. The cases above, are due to the lack of pastoral counseling of children at the age of 5-12 years, which results in the formation of character and emotions that are not good. Therefore teachers are expected to be able to understand pastoral counseling correctly and carry it out in teaching every day that is done by a teacher at school, because pastoral counseling to the right child will affect the intelligence of children and children can feel the love or attention they should get from parents.


1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
MU Rashid ◽  
MM Islam

The investigation was conducted to know the family decision making role of rural women in some selected villages namely Shreerampur, Jalisha, and Jhatra of Dumki upazila under Patuakhali district. Data were collected through interview schedule for seventy selected women during February, 2010. The selected characteristics of the rural women were age, education, family size, farm size, annual income, agricultural knowledge, non-localite behavior, training exposure, fatalism and media exposure. Decision Making Index (DMI) was developed to measure each of the items regarding different aspects of role. The DMI ranged from 98-165 against a possible range of 0-210. On the basis of DMI top aspects of decision making role were ‘house construction’ (165), ‘education of children’ (160), ‘participation in social, religious and marriage ceremony’ (160) and ‘vaccination of children’ (155). Overall, family decision making role indicated that the highest proportion (42.8%) of the rural women were found playing medium decision making role while the rest 57.2% was equally shared by high and low decision makers. Correlation analysis indicated education, agricultural knowledge and non-localite behavior to have positive significant influence on family decision making role of the rural women. Keywords: Rural women; decision making role; family DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9488 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 137-142


2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY ANN MEEKER ◽  
MARY ANN JEZEWSKI

Objective: To enhance understanding of the phenomenon of family surrogate decision-making at the end of life (EOL) by means of a systematic review and synthesis of published research reports that address this phenomenon.Methods: Garrard's (1999) methods for conducting a systematic review of the literature were followed. Fifty-one studies focusing on family decision-making experiences, needs, and processes when assisting a dying family member were selected following electronic database searches and ancestry searches.Results: In studies using hypothetical scenarios to compare patients' choices and surrogates' predictions of those choices, surrogates demonstrated low to moderate predictive accuracy. Increased accuracy occurred in more extreme scenarios, under conditions of forced choice, and when the surrogate was specifically directed to use substituted judgment. In qualitative explorations of their perspectives, family members voiced their desire to be involved and to accept the moral responsibility attendant to being a surrogate. Quality of communication available with providers significantly influenced family satisfaction with decision-making and EOL care. Group or consensual decision-making involving multiple family members was preferred over individual surrogate decision-making. Surrogates experienced long-term physical and psychological outcomes from being decision-makers.Significance of results: Functioning as a surrogate decision-maker typically places great moral, emotional, and cognitive demands on the family surrogate. Clinicians can provide improved care to both patients and families with better understanding of surrogates' needs and experiences.


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