scholarly journals Alkaloid compound from Tombili (Caesalpinia bonduc) as biopesticide agent on rice plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Weny J.A Musa ◽  
◽  
Suleman Duengo ◽  
Ahmad Kadir Kilo ◽  
Boima Situmeang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Electronic Transitions ◽  
Biological Test ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
Very High

The purpose of these study is to determine the effect of active compound from tombili seed extract as a vegetable pesticide in the prevention of soil pest in rice plants. The method of these researches is isolation to obtain pure isolates, characterization by using infrared spectrophotometer (IR) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer then following biological test. The isolates obtained were tested positive for phytochemical containing alkaloid compounds and characterized as amorphous crystals. Identification of IR spectrophotometer generate a functioning -NH wave group of the wavelengths region of 3423.4 cm-1, bend C-N at wave number 1242.1 cm-1, C-H stretch at wave number 2925.8 and 2854.5 cm-1, bend C-H at 1475 wave numbers 1540 cm-1, carbonyl group (C = O) at the 1720.4 cm-1 wave number which is probably an alkaloid compound. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer results in a maximum absorption at 209.9 nm wavelengths indicated the presence of double bonds between the C = O functional group suspected as a result of the successive electronic transitions to n-π * and n-σ *. The result of biological test showed that methanol extracts of tombili seed can be used as a vegetable pesticide in pest prevention on rice plants, the most effective concentration used in this biological test is at 0.1% concentration, with very high effectiveness in eradicating pest on rice plants.

scholarly journals Isolasi dan Identifikasi Saponin dari Ekstrak Leunca (Solanium ningrum L) Secara Spektrofotometri Infra Merah

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Aden Dhana Rizkita ◽  
Sintia Ayu Dewi ◽  
Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo ◽  
Iham Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Bending Vibration ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer ◽  
Test Color

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa saponin dengan maserasi menggunakan etanol 95% sampai mendapat ekstrak kering sebanyak 20 gram dengan dipanaskan menggunakan evaporator. Ekstraksi kedua dilakukan menggunakan corong pisah dengan pelarut dietil eter dan n-butanol. Identifikasi saponin dilakukan dengan tiga parameter uji diantaranya uji busa, uji warna dan gugus fungsi menggunakan Spektrofotometer Infra Merah. Hasil pengukuran Spektrofotometri Infra Merah menunjukkan Ekstrak Daun Launca mengandung beberapa gugus fungsi sebagai berikut : gugus –OH (puncak yang lebar pada bilangan gelombang 3444,87 cm-1), regang –CH alifatik simetri (bilangan gelombang 2926,01 cm-1 dan2854,65 cm-1, regang C=C tidak terkonjugasi pada bilangan gelombang 1606,7 cm-1, adanya regang C-H (bilangan gelombang 1074,35 cm-1 dan 1045,42 cm-1), dan adanya vibrasi bengkokan simetris C-O pada bilangan gelombang 1386,82 cm-1.Kata kunci: Daun leunca; spektrofotometer infra merah; saponin Isolation and Identification of Saponin from Leunca (Solanium ningrum L) Extract by Infrared SpectrophotometryABSTRACTThis research was conducted to isolate and identify saponin compounds by maceration using 95% ethanol to obtain 20 grams of dry extract by heating using an evaporator. The second extraction was carried out using a separating funnel with diethyl ether and n-butanol as solvents. Saponin identification was carried out with three test parameters including foam test, color test and functional group using Infrared Spectrophotometer. Infrared Spectrophotometry measurement results show that the Launca Leaf Extract contains the following functional groups: -OH group (wide peak at wave number 3444.87 cm-1), aliphatic symmetrical -CH stretch (wave number 2926.01 cm-1 and 2854 ,65 cm-1, unconjugated C=C stretch at wave number 1606.7 cm-1, presence of CH stretch (wave number 1074.35 cm-1 and 1045.42 cm-1), and the presence of symmetrical bending vibration of CO at wave number 1386.82 cm-1.Keywords: Infrared spectrophotometer;  leunca leaf; saponin

Infrared spectra and substituent effects in 2-(3-, and 4-substituted phenylmethylene)-1,3-cycloheptanediones

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 586-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Perjéssy ◽  
Pavol Hrnčiar ◽  
Ján Šraga
Keyword(s):  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Vibrational Coupling ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Stretching Vibrations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Effect Of Structure

The wave numbers of the fundamental C=O and C=C stretching vibrations, as well as that of the first overtone of C=O stretching vibration of 2-(3-, and 4-substituted phenylmethylene)-1,3-cycloheptanediones and 1,3-cycloheptanedione were measured in tetrachloromethane and chloroform. The spectral data were correlated with σ+ constants of substituents attached to phenyl group and with wave number shifts of the C=O stretching vibration of substituted acetophenones. The slope of the linear dependence ν vs ν+ of the C=C stretching vibration of the ethylenic group was found to be more than two times higher than that of the analogous correlation of the C=O stretching vibration. Positive values of anharmonicity for asymmetric C=O stretching vibration can be considered as an evidence of the vibrational coupling in a cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl system similarly, as with derivatives of 1,3-indanedione. The relationship between the wave numbers of the symmetric and asymmetric C=O stretching vibrations indicates that the effect of structure upon both vibrations is symmetric. The vibrational coupling in 1,3-cycloheptanediones and the application of Seth-Paul-Van-Duyse equation is discussed in relation to analogous results obtained for other cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.

scholarly journals The band spectrum of hydrogen

1924 ◽  
Vol 106 (735) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Hydrogen Molecule ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Experimental Side ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Theoretical Side

Many attempts have been made to detect regularities amongst the numerous lines which constitute the secondary or many-lined spectrum of hydrogen. The extreme complexity of the spectrum may be realised from the fact that in the Bakerian Lecture of 1922 Merton and Barratt record some 750 lines in the interval between Hα (wave-number v = 5233.216) and Hβ ( v = 20564.793). Three methods of investigation may be employed in the search for regularities. (1) The lines may be classified according to their physical characteristics, such as intensity or mode of excitation, as in the tables of Merton and Barrat ( loc. cit .). (2) Lines may be grouped together by the discovery of relations between their wave-lengths or wave-numbers, as in the important groups of lines which have been arranged in bands by Fulcher. (3) Lastly, the question may be attacked from the theoretical side, and a model of the hydrogen molecule may be imagined, which will give rise to the emission of certain characteristic spectral lines. Thus Sutherland, working on the foundation of the classical mechanical laws, more than twenty years ago, came to the conclusion that spectral series must arise from kinematical considera­tions, and explained them by considering the nodal sub-divisions of a circle. At the present time we may expect more successful results to follow from the application of the quantum theory, and in this paper an endeavour will be made to examine the secondary spectrum of hydrogen, and more particularly the Fulcher bands, from this standpoint. I may add that my interest in the subject was aroused when attempting to construct a model of the hydrogen molecule, for it seemed that the most likely method of obtaining reliable information from the experimental side as to the moment of inertia of the molecule would be from a study of the spectrum of molecular hydrogen.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONDUKTIVITAS DAN TERMAL PADA POLIMER ELEKTROLIT DARI KITOSAN/PVA/GLISEROL/LiClO4 UNTUK APLIKASI BATERAI ION LITIUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhadini . ◽  
Verry Andre Fabiani ◽  
Megawati Ayu Putri ◽  
Iin Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Absorption Intensity

Penggunaan polimer ramah lingkungan merupakan tantangan bagi industri baterai ion litium saat ini dikarenakan sifatnya yang mudah terbiodegradasi menjadi keunggulan polimer alam seperti kitosan dengan bahan baku dari alam yang melimpah. Komposisi polimer elektrolit dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas kitosan, PVA, gliserol yang didopan dengan LiClO4. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sifat konduktivitas dan termal dari polimer elektrolit kitosan/PVA/gliserol/LiClO4. Pembuatan polimer elektrolit ini menggunakan metode casting. Peningkatan massa kitosan dalam komposisi polimer elektrolit menyebabkan adanya peningkatan intensitas pada bilangan gelombang 1718 cm-1 dan peningkatan intensitas serapan pada bilngangan gelombang 1271 cm-1 dengan masing-masing puncak serapan tersebut adalah gugus fungsi dari C=O dan gugus fungsi C-O.  Berdasarkan data konduktivitas menunjukkan bahwa komposisi 70/30/20/20 (kitosan /PVA/Gliserol/LiClO4) memiliki konduktivitas tertinggi sebesar 4,8 x 10-5S/cm. Hasil kurva TGA menunjukkan stabilitas termal komposisi polimer elektrolit hingga 210oC dan peningkatan jumlah kitosan dalam polimer elektrolit menurunkan kestabilan termal. Polimer elektrolit dari kitosan/PVA/Gliserol/LiClO4 dapat diaplikasikan untuk baterai ion litium berdasarkan analisis konduktivitas ionik dan kestabilan termal. ABSTRACT The use of environmentally friendly polymers is a challenge for the lithium-ion batteries industry today because its biodegradable nature is an advantage of natural polymers such as chitosan with abundant raw materials from nature. The polymer electrolyte composition in this study consisted of chitosan, PVA, glycerol doped with LiClO4. This study aims to analyze the conductivity and thermal properties of the polymer electrolyte chitosan/PVA/Glycerol/LiClO4. The polymer electrolyte was made using a casting method. The increasing of the chitosan mass in the polymer electrolyte composition led to an increase in intensity at the wave number 1718 cm-1 and an increase in absorption intensity at the wavenumber of 1271 cm-1 with absorption peaks being a functional group of C=O and C-O respectively. Based on the conductivity data, it showed that the composition of 70/30/20/20 (chitosan/PVA/Glycerol/LiClO4) had the highest conductivity of 4.8 x 10-5S/cm. The results of the TGA curve illustrated that polymer electrolyte had thermal stability until 210oC and the increasing amount of chitosan of polymer electrolyte decreased thermal stability. Polymer electrolyte chitosan

scholarly journals Small-Scale Solar Magnetic Fields

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 69-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Stenflo
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Magnetic Fields ◽  
Field Amplification ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Diffuse Form

The observed properties of small-scale solar magnetic fields are reviewed. Most of the magnetic flux in the photosphere is in the form of strong fields of about 100–200 mT (1–2 kG), which have remarkably similar properties regardless of whether they occur in active or quiet regions. These fields are associated with strong atmospheric heating. Flux concentrations decay at a rate of about 107 Wb s-1, independent of the amount of flux in the decaying structure. The decay occurs by smaller flux fragments breaking loose from the larger ones, i.e. a transfer of magnetic flux from smaller to larger Fourier wave numbers, into the wave-number regime where ohmic diffusion becomes significant. This takes place in a time-scale much shorter than the length of the solar cycle.The field amplification occurs mainly below the solar surface, since very little magnetic flux appears in diffuse form in the photosphere, and the life-time of the smallest flux elements is very short. The observations further suggest that most of the magnetic flux in quiet regions is supplied directly from below the solar surface rather than being the result of turbulent diffusion of active-region magnetic fields.

Harmonic Wave Propagation in a Periodically Layered, Infinite Elastic Body: Plane Strain, Analytical Results

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Delph ◽  
G. Herrmann ◽  
R. K. Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Elastic Body ◽  
Harmonic Wave ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Periodic Medium ◽  
Frequency Wave ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Band Characteristic

The problem of harmonic wave propagation in an unbounded, periodically layered elastic body in a state of plane strain is examined. The dispersion spectrum is shown to be governed by the roots of an 8 × 8 determinant, and represents a surface in frequency-wave number space. The spectrum exhibits the typical stopping band characteristic of wave propagation in a periodic medium. The dispersion equation is shown to uncouple along the ends of the Brillouin zones, and also in the case of wave propagation normal to the layering. The significance of this uncoupling is examined. Also, the asymptotic behavior of the spectrum for large values of the wave numbers is investigated.

Rotational line strengths in 3Δ–3Σ electronic transitions. The Herzberg III system of molecular oxygen

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. L. Kerr ◽  
J. K. G. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Electronic Transitions ◽  
Rotational Line ◽  
Spin Orbit ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Transition Moments ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Line Strengths

Electronic transitions of the type 3Δ–3Σ are forbidden in the absence of spin–orbit or orbit–rotation coupling, but spin–orbit perturbations produce three transition moments, two perpendicular (Y1 and Y2) and one parallel (Z1) while low-order orbit–rotation couplings introduce three further perpendicular transition moments (X1, X2, and X3). Formulas are presented for the rotational line strengths in a 3Δ(a)–3Σ(int) transition in terms of these parameters and are applied to recent data of Coquart and Ramsay for the Herzberg III system [Formula: see text] of molecular oxygen. It is shown that all six parameters are significant, and that there are noticeable departures from the first-order relations Y1 = Y2, Z1 = 0, X1 = X2 = X3. The observation of orbit–rotation intensity effects led to the first identification of lines of the Ω′ = 3 subbands of the 4–0 to 7–0 bands of the Herzberg III system, which are forbidden for the spin–orbit mechanism. The wave numbers of these lines are in satisfactory agreement with the analysis of the A′3Δu → a1Δg emission by Slanger and Huestis.

Levels and Potential Sources of Heavy Metals in Major Irrigated Rice Areas of the Philippines

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehru C. Magahud ◽  
Rodrigo B. Badayos ◽  
Pearl B. Sanchez ◽  
Pompe C. Sta. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Soils ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Farm Inputs ◽  
Soil Metal ◽  
Very High

Industrialization, urbanization and intensive use of farm inputs can pollute agricultural areas. The study was then conducted to assess the levels of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in the country’s major rice areas. The study also determined the contributions of soil properties, land uses, irrigation water, and farm inputs to the metal levels. Strategic collections of soil, plant and water samples in the country’s major soil series planted to rice, analyses of samples using x-ray fluorescence or atomic absorption spectroscopy, and farmer interviews were done. Metal levels were very high in Zambales and Negros Occidental soils due to deposition or use of metal-enriched mine tailings and irrigation water. Soil metal concentrations in Zambales far exceeded the intervention values of 180 mg/kg for Cr and 100 mg/kg for Ni. Soil metal levels in Negros Occidental exceeded the intervention value of 190 mg/kg for Cu and Mo. Rice plants in Negros Occidental exceeded the toxic levels of 30 mg/kg for Cu and 10-50 mg/kg for Mo due to the very high soil Cu and Mo concentrations in the area. Molybdenum concentrations of rice plants in Sultan Kudarat and Camarines Sur exceeded the toxic level due to the high amounts of foliar chemicals applied at >66 sprayer loads per year. The study implies that rice areas deposited with mine wastes have high heavy metal levels, and foliar chemicals can increase metal levels in rice.   Keywords - Environmental toxicology, heavy metals, heavy metal sources, rice soils, Philippines

Laboratory culture of the rice gall midge Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason)

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Perera ◽  
Henry E. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Rice Gall Midge ◽  
Mist Chamber ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Very High

No method has so far been available for the laboratory culture of Pachydiplosis oryzae Wood-Mason or for the controlled infestation of rice plants with this pest. Suitable techniques for the above have been developed and are described.For the laboratory culture of P. oryzae, exposure of rice seedlings to gravid females for oviposition and the subsequent maintenance of the plants at a very high humidity in a mist chamber gave high infestation rates but results were not consistent. But this method is suitable for the maintenance of a laboratory culture of this insect.A special oviposition tube was developed for inducing oviposition on limited areas of muslin, and this permitted easy observation, collection and handling of eggs.It was found that oviposition tended to occur most frequently between 1900 and 2200 hr. and that the midges most commonly laid 200–285 eggs.Eggs developed normally and hatched after seventy-two hours when the muslin carrying them was kept on barely moist filter paper in petri dishes.Sixty-hour-old eggs could be stored for up to five days at 80 ± 2°C. with the percentage hatch decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth day. Low temperature affected development and hatching of thirty-six-hour-old eggs more severely, and hatching was completely inhibited if eggs of this age were exposed to this low temperature for more than two days. Hatching was normal when eggs were maintained at relative humidities of and above 88.8 per cent., but below this level some eggs collapsed as a result of desiccation. At relative humidities below 94.8 per cent., larval movement was initially limited and thereafter inhibited and the larvae were contracted. Such larvae resumed normal activity on immersion in water. These immobilised larvae, obtained by exposure of fully developed eggs to a relative humidity in the range 92.9–94.8 per cent., could be revived by immersion in water and used for infesting paddy plants.Fully developed eggs, freshly hatched larvae and larvae subjected to relative humidities in the range 92.9–94.8 per cent. and subsequently revived, were transferred to rica plants bt spraying, or by pipetting on the leaf at the ligules or by pipetting on to the soil at the bases of plants. All these mathods proved successful but pipetting on to the soil between rows of plants was the simplest and is to be preferred for controlled infestation of plants.A very high relative humidity and wet plant surfaces as obtained in the mist chamber used in these studies were essential for successful infestation of rice plants by the gall midge larvae.

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