ANALISIS PENERAPAN KEBIJAKAN KYOTO PROTOCOL

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Muryani Muryani ◽  
Citra Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Malmquist Index ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Increasing competition of good output which interpreted with GDP in developed and developing countries that are members of the G20, have some impact on the degradation of environmental quality. The Production of good output namely GDP cannot be separated from bad output’s production which is CO2. The need for the Kyoto protocol as an environmental policy which has been ratified by the G20 that supposing to control emission levels which can be measured by the measurement of the environmental efficiency of the G20 countries. Apart from the environmental efficiency, efficiency is not the main criterion for making a country to be standard for another country. On the other hand, the performance quality of the environment must also be taken into account. The amount of the cost of environmental policy to maximize environmental efficiency of a country but the environmental performance of the country, state inefficiency in the cost of the policy then the country has not been used in a cost-efficient technology for improving the environmental quality. The approach which has used in this study is a quantitative approach, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). To specify the input and output that is used in determining the environmental efficiency using Malmquist Index. The input and output is processed by looking at differences in productivity and incorporate technological change in its interpretation. It can be concluded that the value of the environmental efficiency of some countries are on the production frontier even if the Kyoto protocol is not implemented, but with the policy of the Kyoto protocol was able to further improve the efficiency of the environment. In some other countries for example Brazil rose from 70.09% to 83.49%, while the Germany states increased by 4.43% in their environmental policy. From some countries evident  show that the policy of the Kyoto protocol succeeded in carrying out its role as controlling the growth of emissions in developed and developing countries, especially the G20 members.

scholarly journals Efficiency Environmental Policy: Input-Output Approach Orientation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryani Wisnu Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Malmquist Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Performance Quality ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Efficient Performance

This study has the objective to calculate and analyze environmental efficiency when a country ratified the Kyoto Protocol or not to ratify it both the developed and developing countries as well. Output to be analyzed is GDP and CO2 emissions, while the input to be analyzed is the use of energy, stocks traded and Labour. The analysis Metod of is Envelope Data analysis (DEA) with samples of G20 countries by 2004-2014. To be analyzed is the degree of efficiency after implementing the Kyoto protocol and how the processing results when viewed from based on the input and output targets. This is to answer the formulation of the problem posed in this study namely How the level of environmental efficiency if the Kyoto Protocol is implemented and how policy advice for each of the G20 countries based on the input and output targets. The study concluded the following: with the policy implemented Kyoto Protocol was able to further improve environmental efficiency in some other countries such as Russia, Argentina, China and Germany. This shows that the policy of the Kyoto Protocol been successful in carrying out its role as controller of the growth in emissions in developed countries and growing, especially G20 members. Besides, there are also countries that suffered losses in the level of environmental efficiency if not implement the Kyoto Protocol. But on the other side of some countries are not affected if there is no Kyoto Protocol, for example Italy, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Australia and America. Efficiency is not the only primary standard to make a country become a standard for other countries, on the other hand the performance quality of the environment should also be considered. One country may succeed in reducing the environmental inefficiency by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, and it has the efficient performance in relation to environmental quality and sustainable productive based on Malmquist index. Based on the criteria of the target input and target output, it can be seen that the member countries of G20 reach the optimal level when viewed from the variable GDP (positive output) and shares traded or stock traded (input) eg Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada and Indonesia. However, this is not optimal when viewed through the use of energy (input target), emissions (output targets), and labor (input target).

Impact of Trade in Class-A Environmental Products on Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-208
Author(s):  
Sélima Ben Zineb
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Class A ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Clean Technologies

Openness to international trade enables several countries to access different markets. Similarly, the orientation of industrial productions towards ecological goods reinforces commercial activities and contributes to the improvement of environmental quality. The aim of this chapter is to estimate the indirect and the direct effects of trade in what the authors call “Class A” environmental goods on air quality for a number of developing during the period 2005-2015 (through environmental policy and income). Empirically, the study relies on the two-stage least squares (2SLS) and three-stage least squares regression analyses. For end-of-pipe (EOP) products in developing countries, neither direct nor indirect effects are identified on the reduction of pollution. For clean technologies and products, we can observe a global positive effect resulting from two positive indirect effects via environmental policy and income. In developing countries, it seems that trade in clean technologies and products (CTP) and in the OA product list generates an intensification of pollution through an increase in wealth and the adoption of a strict environmental policy (based on taxation).

Mexican Environmental Policy Revisited

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
The Cost

Mexican environmental policy has received a great deal of criticism but very little analytical attention. In this report the Mexican effort is reevaluated with an emphasis on the technical and structural difficulties that threaten to undermine progress towards the government's stated environmental goals. Some of the key issues identified include the cost and availability of funds to the private sector, the dominance of political over technical priorities, and the weakness of social participation. The report indicates a need for greater attention to the political factors that shape policy choices, particularly if the lessons available from Mexico's experience are to be of use for other developing countries.1

scholarly journals ANALISIS EFISIENSI PERBANKAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) TAHUN 2012-2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Dichi Febrian Putra
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

The aims of this study is to measure and explain the efficiency level of bank listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) 2012-2013, as well as to analyze the composition of input and output that must be performed by an inefficient banking and the best reference for an inefficient banking on efficient banking. The data analysis technique that used in this study is using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) by using a model of Constant Return to Scale (CRS) consisting of the input variable (deposit, fixed assets, and the cost of labor) and output (loans). The result of this study indicated that the 33 banks listed on the Stock Exchange has an average technical efficiency of 86.72% in 2012 and 84.98% in 2013. Overall only six banks that have 100% value of efficiency in 2012, while in 2013 there are five banks which have 100% value of efficiency. Banks that have an efficiency value 100% can be a reference for a bank that has inefficient value which is under 100%. The cause of large inefficiency is because the disbursed loan variable has a value 81.81% on 2012 and 84.84% on 2013.

Renovated Water Reuse from Rapid Infiltration System

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Duan ZhenBo ◽  
Wang Shang ShaoTang ◽  
Li RuQi ◽  
Wu XureQing ◽  
Gao Erjing
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The use of renovated water from a rapid infiltration system for fish and duck farming was evaluated. It was concluded that the flesh of fish and duck was edible. The use of this approach is beneficial to the environment and economy, especially in developing countries. The production of fish and duck can offset the cost of wastewater treatment in many cases.

The cost implication of primary prevention in the HOPE 3 trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-271
Author(s):  
Andre Lamy ◽  
Eva Lonn ◽  
Wesley Tong ◽  
Balakumar Swaminathan ◽  
Hyejung Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract Aims The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 (HOPE-3) found that rosuvastatin alone or with candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (in a subgroup with hypertension) significantly lowered cardiovascular events compared with placebo in 12 705 individuals from 21 countries at intermediate risk and without cardiovascular disease. We assessed the costs implications of implementation in primary prevention in countries at different economic levels. Methods and results Hospitalizations, procedures, study and non-study medications were documented. We applied country-specific costs to the healthcare resources consumed for each patient. We calculated the average cost per patient in US dollars for the duration of the study (5.6 years). Sensitivity analyses were also performed with cheapest equivalent substitutes. The combination of rosuvastatin with candesartan/HCT reduced total costs and was a cost-saving strategy in United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. In contrast, the treatments were more expensive in developing countries even when cheapest equivalent substitutes were used. After adjustment for gross domestic product (GDP), the costs of cheapest equivalent substitutes in proportion to the health care costs were higher in developing countries in comparison to developed countries. Conclusion Rosuvastatin and candesartan/HCT in primary prevention is a cost-saving approach in developed countries, but not in developing countries as both drugs and their cheapest equivalent substitutes are relatively more expensive despite adjustment by GDP. Reductions in costs of these drugs in developing countries are essential to make statins and blood pressure lowering drugs affordable and ensure their use. Clinical trial registration HOPE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.

scholarly journals Impacts of Electricity Outages in Urban Households in Developing Countries: A Case of Accra, Ghana

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3676
Author(s):  
Paul Nduhuura ◽  
Matthias Garschagen ◽  
Abdellatif Zerga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Family Setting

Many developing countries in Africa face a “double tragedy” when it comes to electrification. Electricity access rates are low, while those who have access to electricity face frequent outages. There are ongoing efforts aimed at increasing access to electricity on the continent. However, the need to improve the reliability of electricity supply receives limited attention. Unreliable electricity impacts users by limiting electricity utilization and the benefits that should accrue from having an electricity connection. Using data from 496 household survey questionnaires, this study examines the impacts of electricity outages in urban households in Accra, Ghana. The study applies correlation and regression analyses to identify which household characteristics are associated with or predict households reporting outage impacts. Outages were found to impact household safety/security, access to food, and access to social services and were found to cause appliance damage as well. Factors that are significantly correlated with reporting certain outage impacts include respondent’s annual income and employment status, frequency of electricity outages, and household size. Significant predictors of reporting outage impacts are socioeconomic disadvantage, high exposure to outages, and living in a large family setting. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions to eliminate, or at least minimize, electricity supply interruptions in developing countries if sustainable social and economic development is to be achieved.

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