Affecting Factors Titanium Oxide of Nanoparticles for the Electrical Effect on Insulation Resistance of the Transformer Oil

In most cases, The electrical insulation of the transformer oil will be exposed to different internal problems, such as short circuit , over voltage, over load, over excitation and etcetera. The insulation of transformer will be sever decreased into minimum value. This requires some treatments of oil liquid ,such as refining or replacing the damaged oil with a new, which is a very expensive process. In this paper, the Insulation Resistance (IR) of transformer oil will be enhanced by using nanoparticles NPs. Titanium oxide (TiO2) one of them, which will be used in this experiment. The (NPs) improve the insulation, physical and chemical properties of transformer oil. The breakdown voltage will be tested for pure oil and after the addition (TiO2) according to IEC standard methods. The results of this study indicated that addition of TiO2 in certain quantities of pure oils can be affected the Insulation Resistance (IR) and electrical breakdown voltage. A comparative study was conducted to identify the effects of using nanoparticles in pure transformer oils to ensure their effect on electrical Insulation Resistance (IR). The results are indicated an increasing in the breakdown voltage and the dissipation factor of the transformer oil, thus results using nanoparticles oil higher than pure oil.

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Effect of Water on Electrical Properties of Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) as Electrical Insulating Material

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v64.2108 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nazera Ismail ◽

Yanuar Z. Arief ◽

Zuraimy Adzis ◽

Shakira A. Azli ◽

Abdul Azim A. Jamil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Pour Point ◽

Electrical Breakdown ◽

Dissipation Factor ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Flash Point ◽

Effect Of Water ◽

Insulating Liquid

This paper describes the properties of refined, bleached, deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) as having the potential to be used as insulating liquid. There are several important properties such as electrical breakdown, dielectric dissipation factor, specific gravity, flash point, viscosity and pour point of RBDPO that was measured and compared to commercial mineral oil which is largely in current use as insulating liquid in power transformers. Experimental results of the electrical properties revealed that the average breakdown voltage of the RBDPO sample, without the addition of water at room temperature, is 13.368 kV. The result also revealed that due to effect of water, the breakdown voltage is lower than that of commercial mineral oil (Hyrax). However, the flash point and the pour point of RBDPO is very high compared to mineral oil thus giving it advantageous possibility to be used safely as insulating liquid. The results showed that RBDPO is greatly influenced by water, causing the breakdown voltage to decrease and the dissipation factor to increase; this is attributable to the high amounts of dissolved water.

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EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND TESTING TRANSFER VOLTAGE REFERRING TO IEC 156 STANDARD USING VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) WITH OIL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING

Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science ◽

10.51630/ijes.v2i2.17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 001-006

Author(s):

Ansyori Ansyori ◽

Irsyadi Yani ◽

Eric Rahman

Keyword(s):

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Electrical Failure ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Insulating Liquid ◽

Design And Testing

Isolation is a separator between conductors in electrical equipment that prevents flashover, resulting in a short circuit or electrical failure. Isolation is critical in electrical appliances, exceptionally High Voltage Power Equipment (HVPE), to ensure the safety of circuit breakers, capacitors, and transformers. In addition to being an isolator, the insulating liquid material also serves to cool the heat generated by electrical appliances. Isolator with mineral oil-based transformer has various environmental issues, including non-biodegradability, non-renewability, and rarity. Because it is environmentally safe and extensively used, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an alternative transformer oil insulation. This study aims to determine the properties of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) breakdown voltage using the IEC 156 standard and oil temperature conditioning. According to the test results, the oil breakdown voltage before heating (at room temperature) is 14 kV, which is much below the IEC 156 standard, and the breakdown voltage after heating at 90 ° is 35 kV, and 110 ° is 40 kV, which is even higher than the IEC 156 requirement

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The Correlation of Transformer Oil Electrical Properties with Water Content Using a Regression Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2089

Author(s):

Sifeddine Abdi ◽

Noureddine Harid ◽

Leila Safiddine ◽

Ahmed Boubakeur ◽

Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Mobile Station ◽

Dissipation Factor ◽

Exponential Model ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

The Impact ◽

Dielectric Dissipation Factor

An experimental investigation is conducted to measure and correlate the impact of the water content on the electrical characteristics of the mineral oil for transformers, particularly the breakdown voltage, the resistivity, and the dielectric dissipation factor. Regression method is carried out to compare the results obtained through laboratory experiments with those predicted using an analytical model. A treatment to reduce water content in oil involving filtration, degassing and dehydration using a SESCO mobile station was applied to the new, regenerated, and used oil samples in service. The breakdown voltage, the resistivity, and the dielectric dissipation factor of the samples were measured. Regression analysis using an exponential model was applied to examine the samples electrical properties. The results show that, after treatment, the breakdown voltage and resistivity increase as the water content decreases, unlike the dielectric dissipation factor which exhibits a decreasing trend. This trend is found to be similar for the three oil samples: new, regenerated, and used. The results of the regression analysis give close agreement with the experimental results for all the samples and all studied characteristics. The model shows strong correlation with high coefficients (>90%).

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Effects of Addition Clove Oil to Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Microbial Activity for Use as Transformer Oil

Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management ◽

10.30880/jsmpm.2021.01.01.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kusnanto Mukti Wibowo ◽

◽

Royan Royan ◽

Gema Romadhona ◽

Rudi Irmawanto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

Gradual Change ◽

Clove Oil

Transformer oil is a liquid insulating material that is used as insulator and as a coolant in transformers. In this study, the addition of clove oil to extra virgin olive oil were performed to determine its effect on antibacterial activity and its usefulness in its ability as a transformer oil. The breakdown voltage test on transformer oil is carried out using various oil temperatures (room temperature and 90oC) because the oil temperature inside the transformer when working/operating can be different, which can be caused by disturbances, excessive loading, and temperature conditions outside the transformer. In addition, the presence of contamination caused by chemical interactions with windings and other solid insulation is catalyzed by high operating temperatures. That causes a gradual change in the original chemical properties of the oil and microbial growth that over time makes it ineffective for use. The method used in this research is by mixing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of clove oil with extra virgin olive oil to determine the change in breakdown voltage and microbial activity. The test results found that, the addition of clove oil has a vital role in inhibiting bacterial growth. The more clove oil added, the better its antimicrobial properties.

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Electrical breakdown voltage of transformer oil with gas bubbles

High Temperature ◽

10.1134/s0018151x14050228 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 770-773 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

V. A. Panov ◽

Y. M. Kulikov ◽

E. E. Son ◽

A. S. Tyuftyaev ◽

M. Kh. Gadzhiev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Electrical Breakdown ◽

Gas Bubbles ◽

Transformer Oil

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An Investigation into the Physico-chemical Properties of Transformer Oil Blends with Antioxidants extracted from Turmeric Powder

International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems ◽

10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0020 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 297-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Veresha Dukhi ◽

Ajay Bissessur ◽

Catherine Jane Ngila ◽

Nelson Mutatina Ijumba

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Temperature Shift ◽

Dissipation Factor ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Oil Blends ◽

Physico Chemical

Abstract The blending of transformer oil (used mainly as an insulating oil) with appropriate synthetic antioxidants, such as BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and DBP (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) have been previously reported. This article is focused on the use of antioxidant extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), a natural source. Turmeric is well known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties owing to the active nature of its components. Extracts from powdered turmeric were subsequently blended into naphthenic-based uninhibited virgin transformer oil, hereinafter referred to as extract-oil blends (E-OB). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the oil blends revealed that five components extracted from turmeric powder were successfully blended into the oil. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the presence of the compounds: curcumene, sesquiphellandrene, ar-turmerone, turmerone and curlone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the extract-oil blends, containing various levels of extracts, revealed an average temperature shift of ∼8.21°C in the initial onset of degradation in comparison to virgin non-blended oil. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that an increase in the mass aliquot of turmeric extracts in the transformer oil increased the free radical scavenging activity of the oil. Electrical properties of the oil investigated showed that the dissipation factor in the blended oil was found to be lower than that of virgin transformer oil. Evidently, a lower dissipation value renders the oil blend as a superior insulator over normal virgin non-blended oil. This investigation elucidated improved physico-chemical properties of transformer oil blended with turmeric antioxidant extracts.

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Electrical Breakdown Mechanism of Transformer Oil with Water Impurity: Molecular Dynamics Simulations and First-Principles Calculations

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11020123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Bin Cao ◽

Ji-Wei Dong ◽

Ming-He Chi

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Thermal Diffusion ◽

First Principles ◽

Electrical Breakdown ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Conducting Channel ◽

Breakdown Mechanism ◽

Water Impurity ◽

Dynamics Simulations

Water impurity is the essential factor of reducing the insulation performance of transformer oil, which directly determines the operating safety and life of a transformer. Molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles electronic-structure calculations are employed to study the diffusion behavior of water molecules and the electrical breakdown mechanism of transformer oil containing water impurities. The molecular dynamics of an oil-water micro-system model demonstrates that the increase of aging acid concentration will exponentially expedite thermal diffusion of water molecules. Density of states (DOS) for a local region model of transformer oil containing water molecules indicates that water molecules can introduce unoccupied localized electron-states with energy levels close to the conduction band minimum of transformer oil, which makes water molecules capable of capturing electrons and transforming them into water ions during thermal diffusion. Subsequently, under a high electric field, water ions collide and impact on oil molecules to break the molecular chain of transformer oil, engendering carbonized components that introduce a conduction electronic-band in the band-gap of oil molecules as a manifestation of forming a conductive region in transformer oil. The conduction channel composed of carbonized components will be eventually formed, connecting two electrodes, with the carbonized components developing rapidly under the impact of water ions, based on which a large number of electron carriers will be produced similar to “avalanche” discharge, leading to an electrical breakdown of transformer oil insulation. The water impurity in oil, as the key factor for forming the carbonized conducting channel, initiates the electric breakdown process of transformer oil, which is dominated by thermal diffusion of water molecules. The increase of aging acid concentration will significantly promote the thermal diffusion of water impurities and the formation of an initial conducting channel, accounting for the degradation in dielectric strength of insulating oil containing water impurities after long-term operation of the transformer.

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Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Measurements for Effective Condition Assessment of Transformer Insulating Oil

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9050732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 732

Author(s):

Abdelrahman M. Alshehawy ◽

Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour ◽

Mohsen Ghali ◽

Matti Lehtonen ◽

Mohamed M. F. Darwish

Keyword(s):

Electronic States ◽

Dissipation Factor ◽

Condition Assessment ◽

Transformer Oil ◽

Term Operation ◽

Pl Spectra ◽

Insulating Oil ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Effective Condition ◽

Dielectric Dissipation Factor

Condition assessment of insulating oil is crucial for the reliable long-term operation of power equipment, especially power transformers. Under thermal aging, critical degradation in oil properties, including chemical, physical, and dielectric properties, occurs due to the generation of aging byproducts. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was recently proposed for the condition assessment of mineral oil. However, this absorption technique may involve all electronic states of the investigated material which typically yield a broad spectrum, and thus cannot precisely reflect the electronic structure of aged oil samples. It also cannot be implemented as an online sensor of oil degradation. In this paper, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is introduced, for the first time, for effective condition assessment of insulating oil. The PL technique involves emission processes that only occur between a narrow band of electronic states that are occupied by thermalized electrons and consequently yields a spectrum that is much narrower than that of the absorption spectrum. Aged oil samples with different aging extents were prepared in the laboratory using accelerated aging tests at 120 °C, under which 1 day of laboratory aging is equivalent to approximately 1 year of aging in the field. These aged samples were then tested using PL spectroscopy with a wavelength ranging from 150 nm to 1500 nm. Two main parameters were evaluated for quantitative analysis of PL spectra: The full width at half-maximum and the enclosed area under the PL spectra. These parameters were correlated to the aging extent. In conjunction with PL spectroscopy, the aged oil samples were tested for the dielectric dissipation factor as an indication of the number of aging byproducts. Interestingly, we find a correlation between the PL spectra and the dielectric dissipation factor. The results of PL spectroscopy were compared to those of UV-Vis spectroscopy for the same samples and the parameters extracted from PL spectra were compared to the aging b-products extracted from UV-Vis spectra. Finally, the corresponding physical mechanisms were discussed considering the obtained results and the spectral shift for each spectrum. It was proved that PL spectroscopy is a promising technique for the condition assessment of insulating oil when compared to conventional transformer oil assessment measuring techniques and even to other optical absorption techniques.

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