scholarly journals The Effects of Retrieval Practice Across Levels of Thinking and Retention Interval on Reading Comprehension

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Corrin Alicia Nero ◽  
Norehan Zulkiply
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Question Format ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract: The present study examined the effect of different types of retrieval practice on reading comprehension across levels of thinking and retention interval in a classroom setting. One hundred undergraduates divided into two retention interval groups (short- and long-retention interval) were asked to read a passage on a topic in Cognitive Psychology and were then required to engage in a retrieval practice learning strategy using the two types of question format (production test and recognition test) and different levels of thinking (lower-order thinking and higher-order thinking). A three-way mixed ANOVA statistical test was used to analyse the data and found no significant differences in reading comprehension across the different types of retrieval practice, suggesting that the performance when using the recognition test is equivalent to when using the production test. The difference in reading comprehension between the different types of retention interval also was not observed, indicating that students in the short-retention interval group retained just as much information as those in the long-retention interval group. Additionally, the present study observed a significant difference in students’ reading comprehension between different levels of thinking, signifying that the students’ performance for the lower-level thinking questions was better than that for the higher-level thinking questions. The present finding contributed to the existing body of knowledge in which it suggested that the performance in reading comprehension when using a recognition test, particularly a well-constructed one, with competitive alternatives was equivalent to when using a production test.   Keywords: Levels of thinking, Question format, Reading comprehension, Retention interval, Retrieval practice

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: •There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

scholarly journals Effects of face masks on speech recognition in multi-talker babble noise

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246842
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Toscano ◽  
Cheyenne M. Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Babble Noise ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Different Levels

Face masks are an important tool for preventing the spread of COVID-19. However, it is unclear how different types of masks affect speech recognition in different levels of background noise. To address this, we investigated the effects of four masks (a surgical mask, N95 respirator, and two cloth masks) on recognition of spoken sentences in multi-talker babble. In low levels of background noise, masks had little to no effect, with no more than a 5.5% decrease in mean accuracy compared to a no-mask condition. In high levels of noise, mean accuracy was 2.8-18.2% lower than the no-mask condition, but the surgical mask continued to show no significant difference. The results demonstrate that different types of masks generally yield similar accuracy in low levels of background noise, but differences between masks become more apparent in high levels of noise.

Usability evaluation of a library website with different end user groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Kous ◽  
Maja Pušnik ◽  
Marjan Heričko ◽  
Gregor Polančič
Keyword(s):  
Usability Testing ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
End Users ◽  
End User ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Different Levels

To ensure a certain degree of usability, a library website should be carefully designed, especially since end users constitute a multitude of people with different needs and demands. The focal objective of this research was to investigate how different types of end users (i.e. pupils, students, the working population, seniors and researchers) respond to a library website in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction, which together represent its usability. The answers were obtained by performing formal usability testing, including think-aloud protocol, log analysis and questionnaires. The results of the statistical analysis show that different groups of end users achieve different levels of effectiveness and efficiency, while there is no significant difference between groups in satisfaction level. The results also indicate that participants did not achieve the threshold for a usable website. Based on the identified weaknesses, researchers present recommendations for improving a website’s usefulness, especially for non-experienced users. This research has two main contributions: (1) the connection between the theoretical definition and practical use of ISO 9241-11 attributes and (2) a usability testing procedure with a measurement framework applicable for different types of users in a specific domain, which could be applied to other domains.

scholarly journals Completely Randomized Block Design for Assessment of the Gender and Personality Effect on Reading Comprehension Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujang Suparman ◽  
Hasan Hariri ◽  
Een Y. Haenila ◽  
Mustofa Usman
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Comprehension Ability ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Reading Comprehension Ability

The objectives of the current study were to analyze the following problems: First, to determine if there was any significant difference between male and female engineering students’ reading comprehension; and second, whether there was any significant difference in engineering students’ reading comprehension ability among different types of personalities. The participants comprised 190 engineering students at Sumatra Institute of Technology, South Lampung Indonesia, taking English for Specific Purposes. The data were collected through an experiment, where the design experiment used in this study was Completely Randomized Block Design, in which the departments were considered blocks. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and the results showed there was no difference in students’ RC ability between genders; but there were significant differences in their RC ability across different types of personalities.

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: • There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

scholarly journals The Effects of Gender and Reading Mediums on Reading Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Corrin Alicia Nero ◽  
Norehan Zulkiply
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Digital Reading ◽  
Digital Texts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Print Reading ◽  
Better Than

The present study examined the effects of gender and different types of reading mediums on reading comprehension among students. Forty undergraduates were asked to read four psychopathology texts (two digital texts and two print texts). Results showed that there was no significant difference in reading comprehension between gender. However, the mean scores obtained by females were slightly higher than males. Results also showed that reading comprehension between the two groups (print versus digital) was not significantly different. Nevertheless, the mean scores revealed that participants’ performance in print reading was slightly better than digital reading, suggesting that participants may have benefited a bit more from print reading. The present findings shed further light on the effects of digital reading and print reading on reading comprehension. Keywords: Digital reading; Gender differences; Print reading; Reading comprehension

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Listen-Read-Discuss and Contextual Redefinition Strategies in Teaching Reading Comprehension to EFL Learners with Different Levels of Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-458
Author(s):  
Isa Aulia Rohman ◽  
Suwandi Suwandi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Reading Comprehension Skills ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Group 1

This study aims to analyze how effective the listen-read-discuss (LRD) strategy and contextual redefinition (CR) strategy in teaching reading comprehension to EFL learners with different motivation levels. This paper explained the result of experimental research on reading comprehension skills to students with high and low motivations at SMP Islam Nudia Semarang. This study used a 2x2 factorial design in the experimental study. It was used to collect the data from 40 students divided into two groups; they were experimental group 1 and experimental group 2. They were treated with different strategies: LRD and CR strategies. Test and questionnaire were used to collect the data in this study. The data was analyzed using ANOVA to prove the hypotheses. The result showed a significant difference between LRD and CR strategies to teach reading comprehension to students with high and low motivations. The Contextual Redefinition (CR) strategy effectively teaches reading comprehension to high and low motivation levels than the Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategy. Based on ANOVA analysis, there were no interaction among the LRD and CR strategies, students' motivation, and teaching reading comprehension.

Attitudes toward the use of TELL tools in English language learning among Vietnamese Tertiary English majors

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-596
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Language Learning ◽  
Guided Learning ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
English Majors ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Levels

Technology plays a crucial role in the self-guided learning of a second language in general and English in particular. Nevertheless, many students in different contexts still ignore the application of technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) tools in enhancing their foreign language proficiency. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the attitudes towards the use of TELL tools in English-language learning (ELL) among English majors at one university in Vietnam. To collect data, 197 English majors participated in finishing the questionnaire, and 20 students were invited to join the interviews. The findings are that the majority of students have positive attitudes towards the use of TELL tools and the frequency of using these tools is very high. In addition, the results also reveal that there is no significant difference in attitudes towards and frequency of using TELL tools in learning English in terms of the year of study. However, students of different levels of academic achievements have different attitudes towards using TELL tools and use TELL tools to learn English differently. Received 2nd May 2019; Revised 16th July 2019, Accepted 20th October 2019

OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jacob Koed ◽  
Christian Hamburger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Comparison of the dose-response curves for LH of ovine origin (NIH-LH-S8) and of human origin (IRP-HMG-2) using the OAAD test showed a small, though statistically significant difference, the dose-response curve for LH of human origin being a little flatter. Two standard curves for ovine LH obtained with 14 months' interval, were parallel but at different levels of ovarian ascorbic acid. When the mean ascorbic acid depletions were calculated as percentages of the control levels, the two curves for NIH-LH-S8 were identical. The use of standards of human origin in the OAAD test for LH activity of human preparations is recommended.

Employing Personal Reading Logs through Short Stories to Enhance Students’ L2 Reading Comprehension Achievement

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eliyas Sulaiman Mohandas ◽  
Nik Mastura Nik Ismail Azlan ◽  
Salwa Othman ◽  
Muhammad Aizat Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
P Value ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Reading Score ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
L2 Reading Comprehension

This study aims to investigate whether the use of six selected short stories throughout the duration of a 14-week course could enhance students’ reading comprehension achievement at the end of the semester. Out of the six short stories read, three were chosen as in-class assignments known as ‘Personal Reading Logs’ (hereafter, PRLs). One group of semester two Diploma students taking a reading skills course was selected through a convenience sampling method. A pre-test was conducted by having the students answer a past semester reading quiz of which the results would then be compared to their post-test (final reading exam) results. A paired samples t-test revealed no significant difference in the reading scores of the pre-test and the post-test, t (17) = -.265, p > .05. Since the p-value was bigger than 0.05, this indicated that the mean reading score of the post-test (M = 50.556) was not significantly higher than the mean reading score of the pre-test (M = 49.722). Therefore, the null hypothesis which stated that there was no difference in the mean score of the pre-test and post-test was retained. Overall, the result refuted the findings of other studies promoting the effectiveness of using short stories to enhance L2 reading comprehension achievement.

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