scholarly journals Effects of face masks on speech recognition in multi-talker babble noise

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246842
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Toscano ◽  
Cheyenne M. Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Babble Noise ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Different Levels

Face masks are an important tool for preventing the spread of COVID-19. However, it is unclear how different types of masks affect speech recognition in different levels of background noise. To address this, we investigated the effects of four masks (a surgical mask, N95 respirator, and two cloth masks) on recognition of spoken sentences in multi-talker babble. In low levels of background noise, masks had little to no effect, with no more than a 5.5% decrease in mean accuracy compared to a no-mask condition. In high levels of noise, mean accuracy was 2.8-18.2% lower than the no-mask condition, but the surgical mask continued to show no significant difference. The results demonstrate that different types of masks generally yield similar accuracy in low levels of background noise, but differences between masks become more apparent in high levels of noise.

scholarly journals Donor and Recipient Envs from Heterosexual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Subtype C Transmission Pairs Require High Receptor Levels for Entry

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 4100-4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Alexander ◽  
Rebecca Lynch ◽  
Joseph Mulenga ◽  
Susan Allen ◽  
Cynthia A. Derdeyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Virus Subtype

ABSTRACT Compact, glycan-restricted envelope (Env) glycoproteins are selected during heterosexual transmission of subtype C HIV-1. Donor and recipient glycoproteins (Envs) from six transmission pairs were evaluated for entry into HeLa cells expressing different levels of CD4 and CCR5. Donor and recipient Envs demonstrated efficient entry into cells expressing high levels of CD4 and CCR5, and entry declined as CCR5 levels decreased. Infectivity for all Envs was severely impaired in cells expressing low levels of CD4, even at the highest CCR5 levels. In 5/6 pairs, there was no significant difference in efficiency of receptor utilization between the donor and recipient Envs in these HeLa-derived cell lines. Thus, HIV-1 transmission does not appear to select for viruses that can preferentially utilize low levels of entry receptors.

Multilevel Structured Documentation

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Holt ◽  
Deborah A. Boehm-Davis ◽  
Alan C. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Computer Experience ◽  
Word Processing Program ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Processing Program ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Problem Solving Behavior ◽  
Different Levels

This research examined the effects of different types of documentation on the performance of users with different levels of experience on a word-processing program. Three forms of documentation (global overview, detailed step-by-step, and combined global and detailed) were presented to undergraduates with high, medium, and low levels of computer experience. Dependent measures were problem-solving behavior using a word-processing program, the amount of information retained by the participants about the program, and subjective reactions to the documentation. The results indicated that (a) combined global and detailed documentation was, in general, superior to either type of documentation alone; (b) more experienced users were superior in reading documentation more quickly and solving problems more quickly, but they did not have significantly better recall or recognition of components of the program; and (c) the effects of type of documentation did not interact with the level of user's experience.

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: •There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

Usability evaluation of a library website with different end user groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Kous ◽  
Maja Pušnik ◽  
Marjan Heričko ◽  
Gregor Polančič
Keyword(s):  
Usability Testing ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
End Users ◽  
End User ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Different Levels

To ensure a certain degree of usability, a library website should be carefully designed, especially since end users constitute a multitude of people with different needs and demands. The focal objective of this research was to investigate how different types of end users (i.e. pupils, students, the working population, seniors and researchers) respond to a library website in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction, which together represent its usability. The answers were obtained by performing formal usability testing, including think-aloud protocol, log analysis and questionnaires. The results of the statistical analysis show that different groups of end users achieve different levels of effectiveness and efficiency, while there is no significant difference between groups in satisfaction level. The results also indicate that participants did not achieve the threshold for a usable website. Based on the identified weaknesses, researchers present recommendations for improving a website’s usefulness, especially for non-experienced users. This research has two main contributions: (1) the connection between the theoretical definition and practical use of ISO 9241-11 attributes and (2) a usability testing procedure with a measurement framework applicable for different types of users in a specific domain, which could be applied to other domains.

Identifying Feature Handles of Freeform Shapes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Song ◽  
Joris S. M. Vergeest ◽  
Tjamme Wiegers
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Curvature Analysis ◽  
Raster Image ◽  
Polygon Mesh ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Uniform Scaling ◽  
Different Levels

Trends, ergonomics and engineering analysis post more challenges than ever to product shape designs, especially in the freeform area. In this paper, freeform feature handles are proposed for easing of difficulties in modifying an existing freeform shape. Considering the variations of curvature as the footprint of a freeform feature(s), curvature analysis is applied to find manipulators, e.g. handles, of a freeform feature(s) in the shape. For these, a Laplacian based pre-processing tool is proposed first to eliminate background noise of the shape. Then least square conformal mapping is applied to map the 3D geometry to a 2D polygon mesh with the minimum distortions of angle deformation and non-uniform scaling. By mapping the curvature of each vertex in the 3D shape to the 2D polygon mesh, a curvature raster image is created. With image processing tools, different levels of curvature changing are identified and marked as feature point(s) / line(s) / area(s) in the freeform shape. Following the definitions, the handles for those intrinsic freeform features are established by the user based on those feature items. Experiments were conducted on different types of shapes to verify the rightness of the proposed method. Different effects caused by different parameters are discussed as well.

scholarly journals The Temporal Fine Structure of Background Noise Determines the Benefit of Bimodal Hearing for Recognizing Speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-544
Author(s):  
H. C. Stronks ◽  
J. J. Briaire ◽  
J. H. M. Frijns
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Temporal Fine Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Babble Noise ◽  
Speech Recognition In Noise ◽  
Bimodal Hearing

Abstract Cochlear implant (CI) users have more difficulty understanding speech in temporally modulated noise than in steady-state (SS) noise. This is thought to be caused by the limited low-frequency information that CIs provide, as well as by the envelope coding in CIs that discards the temporal fine structure (TFS). Contralateral amplification with a hearing aid, referred to as bimodal hearing, can potentially provide CI users with TFS cues to complement the envelope cues provided by the CI signal. In this study, we investigated whether the use of a CI alone provides access to only envelope cues and whether acoustic amplification can provide additional access to TFS cues. To this end, we evaluated speech recognition in bimodal listeners, using SS noise and two amplitude-modulated noise types, namely babble noise and amplitude-modulated steady-state (AMSS) noise. We hypothesized that speech recognition in noise depends on the envelope of the noise, but not on its TFS when listening with a CI. Secondly, we hypothesized that the amount of benefit gained by the addition of a contralateral hearing aid depends on both the envelope and TFS of the noise. The two amplitude-modulated noise types decreased speech recognition more effectively than SS noise. Against expectations, however, we found that babble noise decreased speech recognition more effectively than AMSS noise in the CI-only condition. Therefore, we rejected our hypothesis that TFS is not available to CI users. In line with expectations, we found that the bimodal benefit was highest in babble noise. However, there was no significant difference between the bimodal benefit obtained in SS and AMSS noise. Our results suggest that a CI alone can provide TFS cues and that bimodal benefits in noise depend on TFS, but not on the envelope of the noise.

Influence of Different Types of Physical Fatigue on a Visual Detection Task

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Fleury ◽  
Chantal Bard ◽  
Jean Jobin ◽  
Lise Carrière
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type Of Exercise ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different types of physical fatigue—past demand for exertion—on the performance of a visual detection task performed with and without masking. 31 male subjects were first administered a VO2 max test and familiarized with the detection task. They were divided into two groups to control potential effects of masking. They were subjected to three experimental treatments involving the utilization of different sources of energy: (a) a short anaerobic alactacid effort recruiting phosphocreatine, (b) a supramaximal effort (anaerobic lactacid) recruiting glycogen without oxygen, and (c) a progressive (partially anaerobic) effort recruiting glycogen and oxygen. All three were performed on a treadmill. Blood samples were collected for the anaerobic lactacid and the partially anaerobic exercises. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the detection task. A2 × 3 × 2 × 8 analysis of variance, with repeated measures on the last three factors, was applied to the data (mask/no mask × type of exercise × pre-post performance measures × location of the letter to be detected). No significant difference was found for either the main effects or interactions, except for the location of the letter and the mask/no-mask condition. It appears therefore that a physically fit population (X̅V̇O2max = 62.39 ml kg−1 × min−1) shows no detectable decrement in a perceptual task performed after fatiguing exercises recruiting various types of energy sources.

scholarly journals Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Santosh ◽  
Jai Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) are known to exhibit different types of problem behaviors and significant limitations in their day to day age appropriate activities and adaptive behaviors. All parents of children with ID are not alike. They hold different personality traits, which are responsible for their behavioral expression. Therefore personality traits of the parents of children with ID have significant impact on the development of problem behavior of their children, Aims and objective: Hence the present study was conducted with the sole purpose of (1) to examine the types of problem behavior shown by the children with ID having different categories of ID and (2) to identify the types of the personality traits holds by the parents of children with different categories of ID (3) to examine the relationship between the personality traits of the parents and expression of problem behaviors of the children with ID. Hypothesis: • There is no significant difference in Problem Behaviors exhibited by children with different levels of ID. • There is no significant difference in Personality traits of parents having children with different levels of ID. Methodology: Sample: Sample consists of 45 parents (either father or mother) who have children with mild, moderate or severe level of ID and must exhibit the problem behaviors. Equal numbers of parents were chosen in all three groups through purposive sampling techniques. Research design: This is the cross sectional study where the impact of different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children having different categories of ID was examined over the different personality traits of the parents. Variables: The independent variables are the different types of problem behaviors exhibited by the children with ID having different categories of ID and the dependent variable is the personality traits of the parents having children with ID. Research tools: Socio-demographic data were collected on the revised version of the NIMH Socio Economic Status (SES) Scale (NIMH, 1999). Problem behaviors were assessed by using Behavioral Assessment Scales for Indian Children with Mental Retardation (BASIC-MR) Part- B developed by Peshawaria, & Venkatesan, 1992. It measures ten types of problem behavior commonly found in children with ID. Personality traits of the parents were assessed by using Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire, developed by Cattell, 1967 &Kapoor, 1978. Statistical Analysis of data: Obtained data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and F-test. Software SPSS version 17.0 was used for statistical treatment of data. Result: Result indicates that violent and destructive behavior (F = 13.17), self-injurious behavior (F =10.41), and repetitive behavior (6.69) was found significant on 0.01 levels, whereas temper tantrum behavior (F= 4.67) and rebellious behavior (F = 3.62) was also found significant at 0.05 levels. These five types of problem behavior is present in ascending order in all three groups of children with ID (Mild, moderate and severe levels of ID). These problem behaviors are closely related to the parent’s personality traits of I (Sensitivity) (chi-square = 9.82, significant at 0.05 level) and Q1 (Openness to change) (chi-square = 11.58, significant at 0.05 level). Children of such parents were involving more in problem behavior. Those problem behaviors which was not found significant were misbehavior with others (F = 1.88), odd behavior (F=0.46), hyperactive behavior (F=0.48), antisocial behavior (F= 2.33), and fears (F= 2.25).

Fibronectin, Laminin in Hybrids of Rous Sarcoma Virus Transformed and Normal Mouse Fibroblasts

1985 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Rampoldi ◽  
Lidia Larizza ◽  
Luisa Doneda ◽  
Sergio Barlati
Keyword(s):  
Rous Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Pericellular Matrix ◽  
Rous Sarcoma ◽  
3T3 Fibroblasts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Hybrid Clones ◽  
Different Levels

Hybrid clones derived from the fusion of normal and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3 fibroblasts were analyzed for fibronectin and laminin pattern of expression in order to find a possible correlation with tumorigenicity. Both organization in the pericellular matrix and secretion into the culture media were investigated by immunofluorescence and ELISA techniques. No significant difference in fibronectin or laminin release was found among hybrid clones exhibiting different levels of tumorigenicity. In contrast, distinctive immunofluorescence patterns of concomitant presence of low levels of fibronectin and high levels of laminin were constantly observed in all the tumorigenic clones.

scholarly journals The Effects of Retrieval Practice Across Levels of Thinking and Retention Interval on Reading Comprehension

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Corrin Alicia Nero ◽  
Norehan Zulkiply
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Question Format ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract: The present study examined the effect of different types of retrieval practice on reading comprehension across levels of thinking and retention interval in a classroom setting. One hundred undergraduates divided into two retention interval groups (short- and long-retention interval) were asked to read a passage on a topic in Cognitive Psychology and were then required to engage in a retrieval practice learning strategy using the two types of question format (production test and recognition test) and different levels of thinking (lower-order thinking and higher-order thinking). A three-way mixed ANOVA statistical test was used to analyse the data and found no significant differences in reading comprehension across the different types of retrieval practice, suggesting that the performance when using the recognition test is equivalent to when using the production test. The difference in reading comprehension between the different types of retention interval also was not observed, indicating that students in the short-retention interval group retained just as much information as those in the long-retention interval group. Additionally, the present study observed a significant difference in students’ reading comprehension between different levels of thinking, signifying that the students’ performance for the lower-level thinking questions was better than that for the higher-level thinking questions. The present finding contributed to the existing body of knowledge in which it suggested that the performance in reading comprehension when using a recognition test, particularly a well-constructed one, with competitive alternatives was equivalent to when using a production test.   Keywords: Levels of thinking, Question format, Reading comprehension, Retention interval, Retrieval practice

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