COMPATIBILITY OF VISIBILITY AND HARMONY OF PICTOGRAM -FOCUS ON RESTROOM MARK-

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Iwasaki Yuta ◽  
Matsumoto Yuji ◽  
Andrew I-kang Li ◽  
Naka Ryusuke
Keyword(s):  
Future Prospect ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Japanese Industrial Standard ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Line Widths ◽  
White Wall ◽  
Comparison And Study

In recent years, there are various design signs to guide people. In the signature "pictogram" which enables guidance without using words is often used. However, when looking into the building, the signature using the pictogram is given its own design to match with the indoor space, and signs which are difficult for the user to understand are distributed. It can be thought that these pictograms are being redesigned to adapt to architecture. Therefore, the research aimed for a sign plan which is easy for users to understand, and thought that standard pictograms harmonizing with various buildings are necessary. Visibility is important for pictograms, and in this research, the objective is to study the conditions of pictograms that compatibility of visibility and harmony.For reference to the research conducted for each generation, The author conducted an experiment using the pictogram of the Japanese Industrial Standard toilet mark, which had high recognition among all generations. The author divide the pictograms into pictograms for men and women whereby the existing designs filled with color and new designs with only contour lines are more harmonious using textures of concrete, brick, white wall, wood pictograms were synthesized. The author compared with that pictograms . As a result, The author received responses that the design of only the outline of the pictogram for men and the pictogram for women is more harmonious in all scenes. Among them, both male pictograms and female pictograms showed significant differences in the two scenes, and a significant trend was observed in the remaining two scenes. The author conducted  experiments on the width of the contour line using 4 scenes images same as comparison and study the pictograms of the line widths with the greatest thickness. As a result, there was not much difference in the width of the width of the contour line of the pictogram in all scenes of male pictograms and female pictograms. The author discussed the effect on visibility and harmony by shape and color as future prospect.

AUTOMATIC CONTOURING USING BICUBIC FUNCTIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hessing ◽  
Henry K. Lee ◽  
Alan Pierce ◽  
Eldon N. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Volume Calculations ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Automatic Contouring

A method is described for using a digital computer to construct contour maps automatically. Contour lines produced by this method have correct relations to given discrete data points regardless of the spatial distribution of these points. The computer‐generated maps are comparable to those drawn manually. The region to be contoured is divided into quadrilaterals whose vertices include the data points. After supplying values at each of the remaining vertices by using a surface‐fitting technique, bicubic functions are constructed on each quadrilateral to form a smooth surface through the data points. Points on a contour line are obtained from these surfaces by solving the resulting cubic equations. The bicubic functions may be used for other calculations consistent with the contour maps, such as interpolation of equally spaced values, calculation of cross‐sections, and volume calculations.

ROBUST PROFILE VERIFICATION SCHEME BASED ON EAR REFERENCE COORDINATE SYSTEM

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 685-700
Author(s):  
BYUNG-GYU KIM ◽  
SUNG-YUN JUNG ◽  
DONG-JO PARK
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Feature Points ◽  
Verification Scheme ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Morphological Filtering ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
The Given

In this paper, a novel profile verification scheme based on the ear, contour lines and feature points from head profile images is proposed. From the side image of a human head taken by a CCD camera, the contour line of the image is extracted by the simple filling method and morphological filtering. Based on the reference coordinate set by using ear images enrolled in the database a priori, the features of the contour line such as the tip of the nose, bottom of the nose, eye point and so on are extracted. The contour of the given image is divided into segments by utilizing the extracted feature points. The directional code of each segment is proposed and the length of the segment is computed for generating the feature vector. The verification of the given profile is performed by matching these feature vectors with those of the enrolled database. The experimental results show validity of the developed method for feature extraction and profile verification.

New Sampling Strategies for Form Evaluation of Free-Form Surfaces

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doo Hwan Kim ◽  
Tulga M. Ozsoy
Keyword(s):  
Constant Curvature ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Path Generation ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Free Form Surfaces ◽  
Form Evaluation ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract New strategies to determine the location of the measurement points for form evaluation of free-form surfaces by using Coordinate Measuring Machines are investigated. The newly developed corrected length method locates the measurement points on constant curvature contour lines. The length and the rank of each contour line are used as parameters to control the distribution of the measurement points. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method is more robust than the known methods currently being used for form evaluation of free-form surfaces. The method also offers opportunities for developing more efficient probe-path generation strategies, since the measurement points are located on continuous paths formed by constant curvature contour lines.

Contour-Based Position Lines

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
J. García-Frías
Keyword(s):  
Contour Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contour Lines

Contour charts are of great value ‘providing’, as Hughes says, ‘the navigator with a quick and sure means of comparing the echo sound record he has just made with the variations in contour and so enabling him actually to plot his line of position by soundings’. But it is evident that the most useful method of using contour lines would be if the position lines based on them are plotted in the same way as every position line, i.e. by plotting the intersection of two or more of these lines. The object of this paper is to propose such a method.It is possible to plot a contour-based position line by means of the sight line to one point of a contour line and its range, because if we draw (Fig. 1) from every point of contour line A, parallels of the same length to the sight line, all points at the other end of contour line define such a position line, which may be called a range-bearing (RB) position line. Better accuracy can be obtained by sextant, using a second sight line to the same or another contour line (Fig. 2), measuring the angle α between them—then we have a position line which may be called a two-range position line. When it is possible to measure the minimum range to a contour, the angular datum can be omitted, using the position line which may be called a mini-range position line.

Wave Sector Dependent Contour Lines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gro Sagli Baarholm ◽  
Sverre Haver ◽  
Carl M. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Response ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Extreme Loads ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Term Analysis

This paper is concerned with estimating the response value corresponding to given annual exceedance probability. In principle, this requires that a full long term analysis is executed. For a linear response this can easily be done. For a non-linear response quantity however, where time domain simulations are required in order to obtain the short term stochastic structure a full long term analysis will be time consuming. An approximate method to determine the long-term extremes by considering only a few short term sea states is outlined. All sea states corresponding to a certain probability of occurrence and are given by a contour line of Hs, Tp for each wave direction. The advantage of the method is that a proper estimate of the long term extreme can be obtained by considering the most unfavourable sea state along the contour line. This will make possible practical estimation of the extreme loads the structure is exposed to. The purpose of the present paper is to illustrate how to apply directional contour lines in order to obtain a characteristic design value according to requirements regarding the marginal exceedance probability.

scholarly journals High-Quality Contour Line Generation from LiDAR Point Clouds for the Area of Forests

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongyue Wang ◽  
Hongchao Ma ◽  
Cuiling Zheng ◽  
Rongxin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Break Line ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Line Extraction ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Line Generation

A methodology for both accurate and smooth contour line generation from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds is proposed in this paper. In order to improve the accuracy of contour lines in the area of forests, constrained triangulation networks with break lines are then constructed to generate contour lines. In break line extraction, a bi-threshold method for edge line detection is used to extract both complete and reliable break lines. A point clouds elevation adjustment with constrain of break lines and an interpolator considering a contour interval is proposed to improve the smoothness of contour lines. The proposed interpotator is also can avoid contour line intersection when contour lines are interpolated. Statistical parameters and shape index are then used to evaluate quantitatively the accuracy and smoothness of the resultant contour lines, which fill in the blank of contour lines evaluation in theory. The experiments show that high-quality contours in terms of smoothness and accuracy can be generated from LiDAR point clouds.

Proposal of Contour Line Model for High-Speed End Milling Simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Nishida ◽  
◽  
Keiichi Shirase
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Force ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Speed ◽  
End Milling ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Line Model ◽  
Milling Simulation ◽  
Contour Lines

A contour line model for end milling simulation, which realizes high-speed arithmetic processing by reducing memory usage, is proposed. In this model, a 3-dimensional shape can be expressed by superimposing the contour lines of the cross-sections obtained by dividing the workpiece along any axial direction. Therefore, the memory usage is reduced compared to a Z-map model or a voxel model as the interior information of the object can be eliminated. The contour line model can also be applied to complicated shapes having overhangs. Furthermore, cutting volume can be calculated from the interference area enclosed by two contour lines of the workpiece and the tool cross-sections. The workpiece shape can be changed by eliminating the interference area. In the contour line model, cutting force can also be predicted with an instantaneous rigid force model using the uncut chip thickness for each cutting edge from the positional relationship between the interference area and the cutting edge. To validate the proposed model, cutting experiments were conducted, which confirmed that the predicted machining shape had good agreement with the actual machined shape. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the cutting force can be predicted accurately.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic transformations of the Bytom area relief in the period of 1883-1994

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Solarski
Keyword(s):  
Mining Activity ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
City Area ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The City

Abstract In this article an attempt was made to analyse the Bytom city relief changes in 1883-1994 years. It concentrates on the forms which are an effect of the mining and metallurgical activity such as subsidence depressions and dumps. Two digital relief models representing a topographic situation in year 1883 and 1994 were made by the Vertical Mapper tool in order to determine changes in the relief. The models were made by linear vectorization of contour lines, which then were processed into points. The made points were interpolated by the natural neighbour method. Maps of slopes, area profiles, contour line sketches and hypsographic curves were generated for two time periods on basis of the digital relief models. An area and values of subsidence for areas subjected to the mining activity, changes of the slopes, an average land altitude in 1883 and 1994 year were determined and an anthropogenic denudation ratio was also calculated. As the result of the research made, it has been established that the area of the subsidence is 3727 ha (about 54% of the city area) and the maximum value of subsidence is about 37 meters, there was a growth of the slopes at a simultaneous drop of the land average altitude, and the anthropogenic denudation ratio is 44 mm/year (800 greater than the natural denudation ratio).

scholarly journals The Role of Contour Line in Painting — an Analysis of Morandi's Still Life Painting

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingru Liu ◽  
Mengqi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Contour Line ◽  
Still Life ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Cave Paintings ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Color Composition

In painting, line is one of the basic compositional elements and an important "tool" for artists to express their ideas. The combination of line and color, composition, and shape allows the viewer to feel the author's thoughts, emotions, or distinctive thinking through the picture. Foreign cave paintings, European pre-Renaissance oil paintings and modern paintings, and domestic Dunhuang murals, silk paintings of the Warring States period and cave paintings all show that the contour line has never disappeared despite its different roles in the changing times. Therefore, the artist's generalized expression of contour lines can become a characteristic of the picture that makes the artist stand out.

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