Economically Unsustainable Drugs and Intergenerational Health Care Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
Dario Sacchini ◽  
◽  
Pietro Refolo ◽  
Antonio G. Spagnolo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
Recent Introduction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Health Care Justice ◽  
Effective Drugs

"Introduction. The recent introduction of extremely effective drugs in treating diseases, but associated with exorbitant costs raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. The work will explore the concept of intergenerational health care justice, in particular the argument, often used to justify the introduction of this type of drugs, according to which the vast amount of money spent now will allow to have savings in the long run. The recent introduction of some drugs that are extremely effective in treating diseases but associated with exorbitant costs, raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. Methods: A review of key documents on intergenerational justice was conducted, followed by a nonsystematic review of peer-reviewed and gray literature. The existing material was analyzed and a draft manuscript was prepared and discussed. Some experts carried out the revision of the manuscript until consensus was reached. Results: The concept of intergenerational health care justice has never been well explored. From an intergenerational point of view, the argument – which is often supported by pharmaco-economic evaluations – according to which the vast amount of money spent now for this type of drugs will allow to have savings in the long run is not in itself coherent with the main theories of justice. Conclusions: Considerations that are extrinsic to the assumptions of the main theories of justice are needed in order to justify the argument above. "

scholarly journals Experiences of including costs of added life years in health economic evaluations in Sweden

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pirhonen ◽  
Thomas Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Economic ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Empirical Point

It is of importance to include the appropriate costs and outcomes when evaluating a health intervention. Sweden is the only country where the national guidelines of decisions on reimbursement explicitly state that costs of added life years should be accounted for when presenting health economic evaluations. The aim of this article is to, from a theoretical and empirical point of view, critically analyze the Swedish recommendations used by the Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency (TLV), when it comes to the use of costs of added life years in economic evaluations of health care. The aim is furthermore to analyze the numbers used in Sweden and discuss their impact on the incremental cost‑effectiveness ratios of assessed technologies. If following a societal perspective, based on welfare economics, there is strong support for the inclusion of costs of added life years in health economic evaluations. These costs have a large impact on the results. However this fact may be in conflict with ethical concerns of allocation of health care resources, such as favoring the younger part of the population over the older. It is important that the estimates of production and consumption reflect the true societal values, which is not the case with the values used in Sweden.

Beyond Health Care

2019 ◽  
pp. 248-296
Author(s):  
Alex Rajczi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Safety Net ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
Conservative View ◽  
The U.S

This chapter argues that this book’s examination of the American health care debate has revealed larger lessons. Latent in our discussion is a whole new approach to debates about the social minimum—one that can prove useful during inquiries into any part of the social safety net, not just health care, and that can be applied to debates in any country, not just the U.S. Specifically, the discussion in the previous chapters has hinted at a way of understanding a conservative point of view about distributive justice, one that is usually overlooked. This chapter describes it more thoroughly and explains why it is philosophically significant. The chapter then identifies the parts of the conservative view that progressives might challenge, thereby building up a picture of the progressive view itself. The chapter closes by explaining why it is valuable to frame debates over the social safety net in this new way.

scholarly journals The Political Ethics of Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Weinstock
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Ethics ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Just Society

This paper seeks to provide an overview of some of the main areas of debate that have emerged in recent years at the interface between theories of justice and health care. First, the paper considers various positions as to what the index of justice with respect to health ought to be. It warns on practical and principled grounds against conceptual inflation of the notion of "health" as it appears in theories of distributive justice. Second, it considers how various standards according to which goods ought to be distributed in a just society apply to debates within health care.

scholarly journals Clinical Pharmacy Administration

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 903-905
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Einarson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Research Evaluation ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Care Practitioner ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Pharmacy Administration ◽  
Separate Discipline

Clinical pharmacy administration has emerged as a separate discipline, but this new field has not been functionally defined. This article defines clinical pharmacy administration from an academic point of view and provides a framework within which it may be understood. It is an applied field of study that deals with the research, evaluation, and management of the patient, the drug, and the health care practitioner as they all relate to patient care. These entities and relationships are studied at the micro, macro, and global levels from financial, economic, managerial, legal, ethical, social, behavioral, educational, and historical perspectives. It is intended that this paper generate debate and discussion in order to refine and develop the field.

scholarly journals PRM11 Learning Effect in Economic Evaluations of Health Care Interventions

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. A422-A423
Author(s):  
S. Chang ◽  
D. Sungher ◽  
A. Diamantopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Health Care Interventions

scholarly journals Dynamic Integrated Model for Assessing Fisheries: Discard Bans as an Implicit Value-Added Tax

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Maria Da Rocha ◽  
Javier García-Cutrín ◽  
Maria-Jose Gutiérrez ◽  
Raul Prellezo ◽  
Eduardo Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
A Value ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntegrated economic models have become popular for assessing climate change. In this paper we show how these methods can be used to assess the impact of a discard ban in a fishery. We state that a discard ban can be understood as a confiscatory tax equivalent to a value-added tax. Under this framework, we show that a discard ban improves the sustainability of the fishery in the short run and increases economic welfare in the long run. In particular, we show that consumption, capital and wages show an initial decrease just after the implementation of the discard ban then recover after some periods to reach their steady-sate values, which are 16–20% higher than the initial values, depending on the valuation of the landed discards. The discard ban also improves biological variables, increasing landings by 14% and reducing discards by 29% on the initial figures. These patterns highlight the two channels through which discard bans affect a fishery: the tax channel, which shows that the confiscation of landed discards reduces the incentive to invest in the fishery; and the productivity channel, which increases the abundance of the stock. Thus, during the first few years after the implementation of a discard ban, the negative effect from the tax channel dominates the positive effect from the productivity channel, because the stock needs time to recover. Once stock abundance improves, the productivity channel dominates the tax channel and the economic variables rise above their initial levels. Our results also show that a landed discards valorisation policy is optimal from the social welfare point of view provided that incentives to increase discards are not created.

Service Innovation Capability in Social and Health Care SMEs: The Impact of Market Orientation and Technology Orientation

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Sanna Joensuu-Salo ◽  
Emilia Kangas ◽  
Jutta Mäkipelkola
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Innovation Capability ◽  
Mixed Methods Design ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Technology Orientation ◽  
The Impact

Developing new services is vital for a service-based company to succeed in the long run. This requires both innovation capability and understanding customer needs. Previous research has shown that if a firm wishes to develop an innovation superior to the competition, it must have both a strong technology orientation and a strong market orientation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of market orientation and technology orientation on service innovation capability in SMEs operating in the field of social and health care. In addition, this study examined the obstacles to using digitalization and new technologies in service innovations. Mixed methods design was applied so both quantitative and qualitative data was used. The results from the quantitative part of this study show that both technology orientation and market orientation have a positive and statistically significant effect on service innovation capability in SMEs operating in the field of social and health care. Furthermore, market orientation is the most important variable in the model. The results from the qualitative element again show that some of the hindering factors of using digitalization and new technologies arise from practices and attitudes of social and health care actors but others arise from the digitalization and new technologies themselves.

A Dutchman in London: reflections of a hospital chief executive from the Netherlands in the NHS

BMJ Leader ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. leader-2021-000509
Author(s):  
Marcel Levi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
British Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interesting Insight ◽  
Clinical Point ◽  
High Level

BackgroundThe NHS is a fascinating health care system and is enjoying a lot of support from all layers of British society. However, it is clear that the system has excellent features but also areas that can be improved.Story of selfA number of years as a chief executive in one of London’s largest hospital has brought me a wealth of impressions, experiences, and understanding about working in the NHS. Contrasting those to my previous experience as chief executive in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) provides an interesting insight.ObservationsVery strong features of the NHS are the high level of health care professionals, the focus on quality and safety, and involvement of patients and the public. However, the NHS can significantly improve by addressing the lack of clinical professionals in the lead, curtailing ever increasing bureaucracy, and reducing its peculiar preference for outsourcing even the most crucial activities to private parties. The frequent inability to swiftly and successfully complete goal-directed negotiations as well as the large but from a clinical point of view irrelevant private sector are areas of sustained bewilderment. Lastly, the drive for innovation and transformation as well as the level of biomedical research in the NHS and supported by the British universities is fascinating and outstanding.

Economic development trends and aspects of healthcare reform in Russia under COVID-2019 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513
Author(s):  
Natalya Krivenko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Care System

The article is aimed at studying the state of the Russian economy and health care system before and after the COVID-2019 pandemic, identifying the main trends in the economy and health care, regardless of the pandemic, as well as its impact on the socioeconomic development of the country. The interrelation and mutual influence of the levels of development of the economy and health care of the country is noted. An analysis of the state of the economy and health care system in Russia for 2017–2019 is presented, problems and achievements in the pre-pandemic period are identified. The COVID-2019 pandemic is considered not only from the point of view of a medical manifestation but as a powerful trigger that provoked large-scale socioeconomic changes in the world, as a bifurcation point in world development, requiring states to objectively assess the state of the economy and healthcare, revise the current coordinate system, getting out of the state of uncertainty and choosing promising areas of socioeconomic development. A cross-country analysis of the response of various health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown the advantages of countries with centralized management, health financing, and subordinate sanitary and epidemiological services. Along with the achievements of Russia in the fight against COVID-19, the existing specific problems of the domestic health care system are noted, which negatively affected the preparedness for a pandemic. Analyzed the consequences of the COVID-2019 pandemic for the socio-economic state of countries at the global level. The change in socio-economic indicators in Russia in 2020 compared to 2019 is presented as a result of the consequences of the COVID-2019 pandemic. The main results of the study are to identify the main trends in the development of the economy and the healthcare system in Russia in the context of the ongoing COVID-2019 pandemic, defining the directions of reforming the national healthcare, trajectories of increasing the level of socioeconomic development of the country

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