scholarly journals Conferences of Minister Presidents of the German States in 1945—1947 as a Prerequisite for the Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany

2020 ◽  
pp. 290-307
Author(s):  
I. D. Popov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Development ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
National Representation ◽  
German States ◽  
Post War ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The formation of the Minister Presidents of the German states conferences institution after the end of World War II until the end of 1947 is traced. For the fi time in Russian and post-Soviet historiography, the importance of interzonal meetings of heads of regional governments for the political development of Germany in the fi post-war years is shown. The results of the conferences in Stuttgart (February 6, April 3, 1946), Bremen (February 28 — March 1, 1946), Munich (June 6—7, 1947) and Wiesbaden (February 17, June 15—16, October 22, 1947 of the year) are considered. It is concluded that the experience of these meetings and, at the same time, the weak effectiveness of the inter-party dialogue persuaded the Western allies in December 1947 to choose the conference of Minister Presidents as the main negotiating platform with German politicians on the future constitution of West Germany. On the basis of published and archival documentary sources, the transformation of the conferences of Minister Presidents from consultative appendages of military administrations into an infl political structure claiming national representation is shown. At the same time, this infl according to the author of the article, was subject to serious restrictions from not only military administrations, but also party leaders.

UKRAINIAN EMIGRE TRANSLATORS’ ACTIVITY IN WEST GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Maria Ivanytska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
West Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Proletarian Literature ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Post War ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
German Reader

The article provides an insight into the work of cultural activists in Germany in the post-war decades. It delineates the following groups of translators and popularizers of Ukrainian literature in West Germany: 1) German speakers: Halychyna descendant Hans Koch and Elisabeth Kottmeier, the wife of the Ukrainian poet Igor Kosteckyj; 2) the Ukrainian scholars who began their activity before the war: Dmytro (Dimitrij) Tschižeswskij, Iwan Mirtschuk; 3) representatives of the younger wave of emigration – Jurij Bojko-Blochyn, Olexa and Anna-Halja Horbatsch, Igor Kostetskyj, Mychahlo Orest, Jurij Kossatsch and others. The author reflects on the question whether or not the post-war Ukrainian emigration was integrated into a wider context of German culture. This is analyzed from the vantage point of the Western European reader’s/ literary critic’s readiness for the reception of Ukrainian literature. Among the first promoters of Ukrainian literature was the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (Munich), whose member of the board, Jurij Kossatsch, published the first review of the then contemporary Ukrainian literature in the German language “Ukrainische Literatur der Gegenwart” (1947). The author analyzes the first collection of translations of Ukrainian poetry “Gelb und Blau: Moderne ukrainische Dichtung in Auswahl” (“Yellow and Blue: Selected Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry”) compiled by Wolodimir Derzhawin, who condemned the persecution and extermination of poets in the USSR, criticized proletarian literature and the choice of authors. The preface by Derzhavin testified to the conviction of Ukrainian emigrants that free Ukrainian literature could flourish only in the exile. The work of the translators’ tandem of Igor Kosteckyj and Elisabeth Kottmeier is further described. The chronological and quantitative comparison of scholarly publications on Ukrainian literature in the then West Germany revealed that one of the major accomplishments of the Ukrainian diaspora was the transition from the complete lack to a gradual increase of interest in the aforementioned subject. The article emphasizes the significance of the translating activity of Anna-Halja Horbatsch aimed at introducing Ukrainian literature to the German Slavic Studies scholars along with ordinary readers. This was made possible when large collections of translations “Blauer November. Ukrainische Erzähler unseres Jahrhunderts” (Blue November: Ukrainian writers of this century) and “Ein Brunnen für Durstige “ (“The Well for the Thirsty”) were out, and in the 90’s – when the publishing house specializing in translations from Ukrainian literature was founded. The Soviets’ negative reaction to those and previous publications is perceived as a manifestation of the political engagement of socialist literary criticism. Conclusion: Anna-Halja Horbatsch’ contribution to the systematic acquaintance of the West German reader with modern Ukrainian literature is by far the most significant due to her numerous translations, scholarly articles, and critical reviews.

scholarly journals Economic and Political Reconstruction and Development of FRG in the Period after World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Mariusz Janik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Special Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Production

In the first post-war years, the policy of the Western occupying powers towards Germany was aimed at preventing the economic revival of their former formidable competitor. As a result of these efforts, West Germany rebuilt its economy to the pre-war level later than Great Britain or France. The undoubted shift in the economic development of West Germany began in mid-1948. The impetus for the rapid growth of industrial production was the monetary reform carried out by the Western occupying powers, as well as the inflow of funds under the Marshall Plan. The monetary reform carried out in June 1948 favoured the strengthening of the financial market and was an incentive to invest. The influx of capital under the Marshall Plan had a similar impact on the West Germany’s economy during this period. The western zones of Germany played a special role in this plan. The United States, striving to strengthen its position in these zones as much as possible and use them as a strategic base (aimed, inter alia, against the communist bloc), provided West Germany with a sum of loans and subsidies significantly exceeding the amount of aid provided to other Western European countries. An extremely serious burden for the Western occupation zones was the influx of refugees from neighbouring areas (a total of about 10 million people) and the need to maintain the occupation troops, which directly led to a huge deficit in food resources. Agricultural production fell and ranged only from 66% to 75% of the pre-war production level.

Advances in Ice Mechanics in West Germany

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1208-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Ice Forces ◽  
Made In

Ice research in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) started after World War II with the first small ice tank built at HSVA in Hamburg in 1958. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the Arctic and the membership in the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research led to the need for model tests and the advancing ice modelling techniques. In 1984 a new, large ice model basin was built at HSVA. Substantial progress has been made in the experimental research of basic ice mechanics and ice forces for the past 20 years. Computational methods and quantum statistical approach have recently been introduced for the study of ice properties. Predicting methods of ice forces with model and full scale experiments have been investigated. This paper highlights West German contributions for the last 20 years.

Immigration and Citizenship in Germany

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Münz ◽  
Ralf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
German States ◽  
Recent Immigration

In Germany, as in many other European democracies, immigrationand citizenship are contested and contentious issues. In the Germancase it was both the magnitude of postwar and recent immigration aswell as its interference with questions of identity that created politicaland social conflict. As a result of World War II, the coexistenceof two German states, and the persistence of ethnic German minoritiesin central and eastern Europe, (West) Germany’s migration andnaturalization policy was inclusive toward expellees, GDR citizens,and co-ethnics. At the same time, the Federal Republic of Germany,despite the recruitment of several million foreign labor migrantsand—until 1992—a relatively liberal asylum practice, did not developsimilar mechanisms and policies of absorption and integration of itslegal foreign residents.

Holy Homeland: The Discourse of Place and Displacement among Silesian Catholics in Postwar West Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Alvis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Well Being ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
East Prussia

The author of the above quotation, Rudolf Jokiel, was one of over twelve million ethnic Germans expelled from their homes in Germany's eastern provinces (East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Silesia), the Sudetenland, and other pockets of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and resettled within the country's truncated postwar borders. The expellees bitterly lamented their enforced exile, and many Christians within this population shared Jokiel's sentiments concerning the connection between faith and homeland. Those who settled in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) developed an elaborate network of overlapping subcultures dedicated to preserving their memories of lost homelands and advocating for their right to return there. In the process, these lands came to acquire a distinctly religious aura, holy places that were integral to their spiritual well-being.

Returning to Stay? Jews in East and West Germany after the Holocaust

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-413
Author(s):  
Andrea A. Sinn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Central Council ◽  
East And West ◽  
German Jewish

ABSTRACTTo better understand the position of Jews within Germany after the end of World War II, this article analyzes the rebuilding of Jewish communities in East and West Germany from a Jewish perspective. This approach highlights the peculiarities and sometimes sharply contrasting developments within the Jewish communities in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, from the immediate postwar months to the official East-West separation of these increasingly politically divided communities in the early 1960s. Central to the study are the policies of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, which exemplify the process of gradual divergence in the relations between East and West German Jewish communities, that, as this article demonstrates, paralleled and mirrored the relations between non-Jewish Germans in the two countries.

Memory as Public Identity

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Kathrin Bachleitner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
West Germany ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Public Identity ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Process Memory ◽  
Post War

This chapter places collective memory at the basis of a country’s identity and posits that memory returns from the international sphere to the domestic environment. In the course of this process, memory moves from being an official strategy to becoming part of the wider public identity. Memory’s impact thus transforms from a direct, active opportunity to an indirect, passive constraint for policymakers. Notably, as identity, collective memory is unexamined, and assumed to underwrite the mindset of a country’s public and its representatives. To illustrate this transformation, this chapter looks to the cases of West Germany and Austria in the second post-war decade. The ‘critical situation’ for analysis arrived in 1961 in the form of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem. The West German and Austrian reactions to the trial demonstrate that by the early 1960s these countries had come to view their role in World War II through the lens of a pre-existing national narrative in almost entirely unexamined ways.

Perilous Futures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Uwe Hohendahl
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Work ◽  
European Tradition ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Right ◽  
Structural Aspects

The book re-examines Carl Schmitt’s late work, which until fairly recently received less attention because of its seemingly non-systematic nature. The study focuses on Schmitt’s major post-war publications, among them The Nomos of the Earth, Theory of the Partisan, Political Theology II as well as his diaries. It emphasizes formal and structural aspects, deliberately resisting a systematic approach, focusing instead on tensions and contradictions within Schmitt’s writings. The book explores Schmitt’s shift from a German nationalist position to a defence of an imperial European tradition, leading up to an international agenda that modifies Schmitt’s older position without giving up conceptual and theoretical continuities. Because of these modifications--that is the thesis of the study--Schmitt’s late work could gain international attention after the fall of the Berlin Wall, since it resonates with greater global instability and increasing doubts about the viability of international liberalism. Finally, Schmitt’s wide but controversial reception, both on the political Right and the Left, becomes the object of scrutiny against the backdrop of Schmitt’s precarious biographical situation and the global political development after World War II. It is the tension between this specific historical context and the later international appropriation that motivates and energizes this study. It aims at a critique of recent Schmitt enthusiasm.

Part V Case Studies, 41 The Law of Stationing Forces in Germany: Six Decades of Multilateral Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleck Dieter
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
German States ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right

This chapter describes the different phases of legal regulation of the stationing of visiting forces in Germany until today. World War II has led to the stationing of a large number of foreign forces, first as occupiers but soon as allies playing an active role in the maintenance of external security. When occupation was terminated in 1955, there were Soviet forces in the German Democratic Republic and forces from six permanent Sending States in the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, in both German States further Allies, too, were hosted on a temporary basis. In this context, the chapter assesses both the right to stay in the country (jus ad praesentiam) and the status regulation (jus in praesentia).

Modernity, space and national representation at the Tokyo Olympics 1964

Urban History ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN TAGSOLD
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Rite Of Passage ◽  
World War ◽  
National Representation ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT:The 1964 Tokyo Olympics acted as a rite of passage for post-war Japan, symbolizing the modernization of the city and the country. This was reflected by the space and architecture of the venues. Urban development of Olympic cities has been scrutinized recently but the symbolic implications have been touched upon only in passing, most especially in Tokyo's case. This article will show how symbolic layers of architecture and space aimed at linking history and modernity while bypassing the highly problematic legacy of ultra-nationalism and World War II. An important hub for transmitting this message was the Meiji Shrine dedicated to the first emperor of modern Japan. The hallmark building of the 1964 Games, Kenzo Tange's National Gymnasium, interacted with the shrine by way of an architectonic axis connecting them. This contrasted with the different spatial styles evident at the 1960 Olympics in Rome and 1972 Olympics in Munich, which testified to their different relationships to the national past. While developing infrastructure such as canalization and traffic was very important for Tokyo, symbolic revitalization of the city's fabric was equally crucial.

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