scholarly journals Effects of reinforcement delay and rule explicitness on work performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-505
Author(s):  
Minji Kang ◽  
Kyehoon Lee ◽  
Shezeen Oah
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Delayed Reinforcement ◽  
Work Task ◽  
Reinforcement Condition ◽  
Reinforcement Delay ◽  
Implicit Rule ◽  
Explicit Rule

This study examined the effects of reinforcement delay and rule explicitness on performance. A 2 (immediate vs. delayed reinforcement) x 2 (explicit vs. implicit rule) factorial design was used. Eighty college students were recruited as participants and were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups. They performed a simulated work task and the dependent variable was the number of the work task correctly completed. Results indicated that in the delayed reinforcement condition, performance for the group who was given an explicit rule was higher than that for the group who was given an implicit rule. In the immediate reinforcement condition, however, performance for both groups was comparable.

Leveraging Collaborative-Filtering for Personalized Behavior Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Xuhai Xu ◽  
Prerna Chikersal ◽  
Janine M. Dutcher ◽  
Yasaman S. Sefidgar ◽  
Woosuk Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Depression Detection

The prevalence of mobile phones and wearable devices enables the passive capturing and modeling of human behavior at an unprecedented resolution and scale. Past research has demonstrated the capability of mobile sensing to model aspects of physical health, mental health, education, and work performance, etc. However, most of the algorithms and models proposed in previous work follow a one-size-fits-all (i.e., population modeling) approach that looks for common behaviors amongst all users, disregarding the fact that individuals can behave very differently, resulting in reduced model performance. Further, black-box models are often used that do not allow for interpretability and human behavior understanding. We present a new method to address the problems of personalized behavior classification and interpretability, and apply it to depression detection among college students. Inspired by the idea of collaborative-filtering, our method is a type of memory-based learning algorithm. It leverages the relevance of mobile-sensed behavior features among individuals to calculate personalized relevance weights, which are used to impute missing data and select features according to a specific modeling goal (e.g., whether the student has depressive symptoms) in different time epochs, i.e., times of the day and days of the week. It then compiles features from epochs using majority voting to obtain the final prediction. We apply our algorithm on a depression detection dataset collected from first-year college students with low data-missing rates and show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art machine learning model by 5.1% in accuracy and 5.5% in F1 score. We further verify the pipeline-level generalizability of our approach by achieving similar results on a second dataset, with an average improvement of 3.4% across performance metrics. Beyond achieving better classification performance, our novel approach is further able to generate personalized interpretations of the models for each individual. These interpretations are supported by existing depression-related literature and can potentially inspire automated and personalized depression intervention design in the future.

The Approval Motive, Vicarious Reinforcement and Verbal Conditioning

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marlowe ◽  
Russell S. Beecher ◽  
Jonathan B. Cook ◽  
Anthony N. Doob
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Verbal Conditioning ◽  
Reinforcement Condition ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Need For Approval ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Vicarious Reinforcement ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Construction Task

This study investigated the relationship of approval motivation to verbal conditioning under vicarious reinforcement. Fifteen college students completed 20 operant trials in a sentence construction task. They then observed E reinforce a “programmed” confederate who emitted critical responses according to a typical acquisition curve. Fifteen control Ss observed identical confederate behavior with the reinforcements omitted. An additional 15 control Ss did not receive the observation phase. All Ss then were given 40 nonreinforced trials. A significant conditioning effect occurred only for Ss with high need for approval in the vicarious reinforcement condition. Results were related to previous verbal conditioning research.

scholarly journals A potential relation between premenstrual symptoms and subjective perception of health and stress among college students: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaki Matsumoto ◽  
Miho Egawa ◽  
Tetsuya Kimura ◽  
Tatsuya Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Premenstrual Symptom ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Perception Of Health

Abstract Background A majority of women from all cultures and socioeconomic levels experience myriad symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome during the days prior to menstruation. The present study investigated commonly reported symptoms in the premenstrual phase among college students. The authors further scrutinized potential factors, including subjective perceptions of health, which may be related to the premenstrual-symptom constellation. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey, which included 200 participants (mean age: 19.8 ± 0.1 years old). The subjects completed a rating of their premenstrual experiences relative to 46 symptoms in eight categories of the self-reporting menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) to evaluate the prevalence and severity of premenstrual symptoms. The participants also answered a standardized health questionnaire regarding subjective perceptions of health, self-rating stress, lifestyle, and demographic variables. Results Regardless of severity, the 10 symptoms most often occurring among the participants included skin disorders, irritability, fatigue, mood swings, general aches and pains, lowered school or work performance, backache, painful breasts, weight gain, and swelling. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed subjective perception of health (β = 0.28; p <  0.001) and self-rating stress (β = 0.18; p = 0.008) as the factors most strongly related to the MDQ total scores. In addition, the 19 women who evaluated themselves as “unhealthy and stressed” had greater prevalence of severe or extremely severe physical (general aches and pains) and psychosocial symptoms (confusion, lowered school or work performance, decreased efficiency, loneliness, anxiety, restlessness, mood swings, and depression), compared to the healthy and non-stressed women. Conclusions The present study indicates the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms, regardless of severity and number, among college students and suggests that negative subjective perceptions of health and stress may be related to the intensity of premenstrual symptomatology.

Reinforcement Delay and Across-Setting Generalization in an Intermediate School Special Class

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn S. Dixon ◽  
Anne Fitzharris ◽  
Dennis W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Critical Behaviour ◽  
Delayed Reinforcement ◽  
Temporal Delay ◽  
Intermediate School ◽  
Reinforcement Delay

This study investigated the effect of delayed reinforcement on the across-setting generalization of behaviour change. Eight children aged between 11 and 13, members of a special class at an intermediate school, served as subjects. Off-task behaviour was monitored during two classroom lessons: the contingent lesson, performance in which determined subsequent reinforcement, and the generalization lesson, in which no reinforcement contingencies were provided. Two forms of delayed reinforcement: early — delivered immediately following the setting in which the critical behaviour occurred — and late — delivered only after several other settings had been encountered — were sequentially presented in an ABCB design. Off-task behaviour decreased under both reinforcement conditions. However generalization was only evident when the late delayed reinforcement was operating. Results suggest that a temporal delay in the delivery of reinforcement is more likely to lead to generalization of behaviour change than is the delivery of reinforcement immediately following the contingent lesson.

Laboratory Analogue of Field Helping Behavior

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 557-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Lerner ◽  
Phyllis Frank
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
White Male ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Analogue ◽  
White College

Within the context of a balanced factorial design, white college students (40 males, 40 females) individually viewed a videotape of a black or white, male or female, financially needy “cohort” performing an alphanumeric substitution task, and were instructed to award money for performance, which was identical in all conditions. Female Ss awarded more money than male Ss, but males were given as much money as females, and blacks were given as much as whites. Results were compared to field studies of the relation of race and sex to helping behavior.

Gaze during Speaking as Related to Shyness

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Iizuka
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Junior College ◽  
The Self ◽  
Junior College Students

32 shy and 32 nonshy women were selected from a population of Japanese junior college students on the basis of their responses to the Trait Shyness Scale. This study manipulated shyness (shy and nonshy), interviewers' gaze (high amount of gaze and low amount of gaze), and interviewers' sex in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Subjects were randomly assigned to eight groups and interviewed by one of two male or two female confederates. Two trained judges recorded duration of gaze and speech through a one-way mirror and watching videotaped records. Analysis showed that for the interviewer in the high gaze condition the self-reported shy women gazed less while speaking than the nonshy women.

scholarly journals A Study of Birth Order and Adjustment among College Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh D. Waghmare
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Social Emotional

In the present study the birth order and Adjustment among college students has been studied. Sample of the study has been chosen from medical and engineering college students of Jalna and Aurangabad District in Maharashtra. In each 30 first born students (15 Boys and 15 Girls students). 30 second born (15 Boys and 15 Girls students) and third born students (15 Boys and 15 Girls students) the scale was used for data collection Bell’s Adjustment Inventory by Lilit Sharma. 3×2 factorial design was used and data were Analysis by mean, SD and ANOVA. It has been found that there is no significance difference between first born, second born and third born students on Home, Social, Emotional and Health Adjustment.

The Effects of Degraded Visual and Tactile Information on Diver Work Performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM W. BANKS
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Male Volunteer ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Work Task ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Four Levels

An attempt was made to provide direct, quantitative assessment of environmental and equipment variables on diver work performance. Five male volunteer divers were each given 12 training trials on a standardized, U. S. Navy work task before exposure to eight, randomly presented, experimental visual and tactile conditions. A two-factor repeated measures design was utilized with four levels of luminance degradation and two levels of tactile restriction. Divers were required to perform standardized work underwater while measures of heart rate, errors, and time to complete the task were taken. Results indicated that significant changes occur in measures of time to complete the task and errors, as a direct function of tactile and luminance degradation.

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