Body-mapping based on thermographic measurements under different influencing factors

The presented research focuses on the use of thermography to observe influences of different influencing factors on the changes of lower body temperatures. Based on the outcomes of the research fit of garment plays an important role for the retention of heat between the textile material and skin, especially in the zone of both upper and lower shin. Also only tight model of trousers is capable to preserve the temperature in zones of thigh and knees of male volunteer. The given body-maps present differences in values of average temperatures (ΔT) considering the garment fit. In the indoor environment, tight model of female trousers has significant influence on the average temperature in the zone of upper shin. This observation is even more pronounced in the outdoor environment. For the male volunteer, higher differences, between temperatures are seen in the outdoor environment only.

The effect of hopelessness on violence tendency: Turkish football fans

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the hopelessness and violence tendency of football fans and to investigate the differences between these variables and various demographic variables. The research group was formed by 398 male volunteer football fans who watched the Elazigspor (Sports Toto 1st League) matches in the 2018-2019 season in Turkey. In addition to demographic variables in the study, the Violent Trend Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the findings of the research, it was determined that there was a moderate positive relationship between the variable of hopelessness and the tendency toward violence. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the tendency toward violence according to the variables of fans going to away games, the duration of watching matches at the stadium, and with whom fans watched the matches. As a result, as the level of fans’ hopelessness increased, it was observed that there was an increase in violent tendencies. In addition, those who went to watch away matches, those who watched matches at the stadium for a long period of time, and those who went to watch matches with friends were found to have high levels of violent tendencies.

EFFECT OF MASSAGE ON RECOVERY AFTER AN EXERCISE

The purpose of this study is to examine whether massage has an effect on recovery after high intensity exercise. 20 male volunteer students (age 23.00 ± 2.99 years) attending the Faculty of Sports Sciences were participated the study. Repeated vertical jump test (DST) was applied 30 seconds with one week intervals as an anaerobic exercise. Ten randomly selected subjects first recovered after DST without massaging the legs, while the other 10 subjects recovered by massage. A week later; the subjects recovered without massage were recovered by massage, while the subjects who were massaged were recovered without massage. The resting heart rate (HR) values of the athletes were taken before DST, and then subjected to the DST test. Recovery of the subjects was followed up for 15 minutes after the test. HR measurements were recorded every minute of recovery. Shapiro Wilk test was used to check whether the data showed normal distribution and parametric statistical analysis was used because data sets are normally distributed. Paired t test was used for the pairwise comparison. HR values at 1st and 2nd minutes of massage recovery after anaerobic exercise were lower than non-massage recovery HR values (p<0.05). Recovery by massaging reduced HR faster and accelerated recovery. Massage recovery values up to 5 minutes of recovery are lower, although not statistically significant. Between the 2nd and the 15th minutes of the recovery, HR values did not differ statistically (p>0.05). As a conclusion, when massage is performed, recovery occurs faster in the first 5 minutes after exercise. This result shows that starting massage immediately after exercise accelerates recovery.

A Qualitative Research on Sport and Education for The Disabled from The Perspective of Sports Managers and Trainers

The purpose of this research is the analysis of sports activities for the disabled from the perspec-tive of sports managers and trainers. In this study, a phenomenology pattern was used with a qual-itative researchmethod.An interview method was used in data collection. The research group con-sisted of 10 (female, male) volunteer participants. For the validity and reliability of the study, the findings of two independent researchers were compared and confirmed. For the reliability of the research, the researchers defined the method and stages of the research clearly and in detail. A content analysis method was used to analyse the data. In the study, it was noticed that the partic-ipants chose sport for the disabled for such reasons as socializing of the disabled, providing the disabled with self-confidence, contributing to their development. The participants pointed out that the disabled are open to change and improvement and at the same time they are sensitive. Moreover, the participants underlined that sport increases the quality of life, socialization, and self-confidence of the disabled. However, it can be stated that the disabled face problems such as lack of facilities and transportation, employment, attitude offamily and com-munity, etc. Finally, the research revealed that studies discussing cooperation with universities, inclusion of sports disciplines in federations, establishment of substructure, education for the disa-bled, etc. should be carried out for the development of sport for the disabled.

Investigation of the effect of supramaximal eccentric contractions on muscle damage and recovery between the dominant and non-dominant arm

Purpose: This research aimed to examine the effects of supramaximal eccentric contractions on the damage of muscle and recovery between the dominant and non-dominant arm. The study was participated by ten male volunteer students who do not have any musculoskeletal and metabolic compliant. This research designed as a cross-over type research. Material: Venous blood samples were drawn before the bout, immediately after the bout one min., moreover, at the 6th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours after training. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 statistical software package. After exercise, the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to decide the dominant and non-dominant arm influence. Statistical significance for all analyses was accepted at p< 0,05. Results: There was a significant statistical difference in the right, and left arm Creatine Kinase (CK) values at the time when exercise start, 48th and 72nd hours (p<0,05). There was no statistically significant difference in right and left arm Lactate Dehydrogenase values after exercise (p>0,05). Conclusions: There was an increase in muscle damage at 24th and 48th hours after supramaximal eccentric exercise, and it was turned back the start level at 72nd hours. While the arm which is non-dominant recovery is faster than the dominant arm.

Investigation of the Perceptions of Students Who Participate in Sports Organizations in Universities Regarding the Term “Sports”

The main aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of students who participate in sports organizations in universities regarding the term “sports”. With this main aim, the perception of the term was explained by metaphors. The study group includes 108 female and 112 male volunteer students, who studied in various departments of Adıyaman University during the 2017-2018 education period. For the data collection tools in the study, a short personal information form and the form that asks to complete the sentence, “Sports are like … Because …” In the data analysis, with the SPSS 24.00 package software, individual variables were classified and four steps were followed in the analysis of the metaphors. These steps are naming the metaphors, elimination and refinement, compilation and categorization, and the findings were obtained by validity and reliability analyses. As a result of the research, it was determined that 88.7% of the students who participated in sports organizations in universities developed positive metaphors while 11.3 developed negative metaphors. Additionally, it was concluded that these metaphors created significant differences according to students’ genders, and the departments and programs of study. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that university students participating in sports activities voluntarily have a perception of “sports” as improving health, regarding as a profession and gaining social prestige and this result affects their future life positively.

Effects of Backpack Load and Trekking Poles on Energy Expenditure During Field Track Walking

This study evaluates the effects of the use of backpack load and trekking poles on field track walking energy expenditure. Twenty male volunteer pole walkers (age: 22.70±2.89 years; body mass: 77.90±11.19 kg; height: 1.77±0.06 m; percentage of body fat: 14.6±6.0%) walked at a self-selected pace on a pedestrian field track over a period of more than six months. Each subject was examined at random based on four walking conditions: non-poles and non-load, with poles and non-load, non-poles and with load, with poles and with load. Heart rate, oxygen uptake and energy expenditure were continuously recorded by a portable telemetric system. Non-load walking speed was lower during walking with poles when compared with no poles (p≤0.05). Oxygen uptake, energy expenditure and heart rate varied significantly across different conditions. Our results suggest that the use of trekking poles does not influence energy expenditure when walking without an additional load, but it can have an effect during backpack load walking. Moreover, our results indicate that the use of trekking poles may not be helpful to lower the exertion perceived by the subjects when walking with an additional load.

Immunological Modulation in Long-Term Karate Practitioners

Karate is a Japanese martial arts system with potential physical and psychological benefits. However, karate has been scarcely investigated from a psychobiological perspective, and its effects on the immune system remain virtually unknown. We designed the present study with the aim of analyzing the effects of karate practice on immunological parameters. 27 healthy male volunteer subjects participated in the study, 15 in the experimental group and 12 in the control. Experimental subjects were all karate players who had practiced this martial art for a minimum of three years attending regular lessons at a karate training center, in the evening, two to three days per week. Blood samples for the quantification of immunological parameters (total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, IgG, IgA, and IgM) were taken in both groups. A t-test for independent groups was performed in each dependent variable; a value of p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Karate practitioners exhibited a significantly higher number of total leukocytes (p<0.02), monocytes (p<0.01), and lymphocytes (p<0.01), a higher percentage of monocytes (p<0.01), and greater serum concentrations of IgG (p<0.02) and IgM (p<0.01). Our findings show that long-term karate practice is related to a broad modulation of immune parameters, including total and specific leukocyte counts, as well as immunoglobulin concentrations. This peculiar immunomodulatory profile, apart from its psychobiological relevance, may have noteworthy clinical implications.