scholarly journals Principles of the Translation of “The Tale of the Merchant”

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Zoya Walter ◽  
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns

The article is devoted to some principles of the translation of “The Tale of the Merchant” at the end of the 17th century, which realization is introduced on the functioning of pronouns. Adaptive and descriptive translation are widely spread in the text. Both techniques realize 1) in the observance of the book register, which supposes realization of the ternary opposition of demonstrative pronouns “sej / toj / onyj” and 2) in replacement of number category of personal pronouns in the direct speech. The article also consider features of the functioning of pronouns and pronoun constructions, in particular, with the enclitics “že” and the principles of introducing new characters into the narrative.

scholarly journals Reference determination for demonstrative pronouns

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bosch ◽  
Carla Umbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reference Determination

This paper discusses results from a corpus study of German demonstrative and personal pronouns and from a reading time experiment in which we compared the interpretation options of the two types of pronouns (Bosch et al. 2003, 2007). A careful review of exceptions to a generalisation we had been suggesting in those papers (the Subject Hypothesis: "Personal pronouns prefer subject antecedents and demonstratives prefer non-subject antecedents") shows that, although this generalisation correctly describes a tendency in the data, it is quite wrong in claiming that the grammatical role of antecedents is the relevant parameter. In the current paper we argue that the generalisation should be formulated in terms of in-formation-structural properties of referents rather than in terms of the grammatical role of antecedent expressions.  

Het Gebruik Van Pronomina Bij Kinderen Van Een Tot Vier

1986 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard W. Bol ◽  
Folkert Kuiken
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Morphosyntactic Development ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Dutch Children

In this article we discuss the sequence of emergence of six different types of pronouns in 36 Dutch children from one to four. This study is part of a larger project concerning the morphosyntactic development in normal Dutch children of that age. The aim of this project is to find out whether or not there are patterns in the language of three different groups of language impaired children compared to the non-language impaired children. The main conclusions of this article are: the number of pronouns increases as the child gets older. Dutch children make very few mistakes in producing the pronouns studied. The sequence of emergence of interrogative pronouns reflects the order which is found in the English literature on the subject. Demonstrative pronouns are the first to emerge in the system, followed by personal pronouns. The subject forms emerge before the object forms. There is a clear tendency for singular pronouns to emerge before plurals.

scholarly journals The development of free indirect constructions in Dutch novels

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Clement
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Direct Discourse ◽  
Narrative Style ◽  
Free Indirect Style ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWhy is the free indirect style such a useful narrative means to portray characters' minds in fictional texts? This article gives more insight into this phenomenon by analyzing texts from earlier times. Previous studies state that the free indirect style for the representation of thoughts emerged in Dutch literary prose in the 19th century. However, this article shows that the roots of this technique were already present in 17th century Dutch popular literature novels. The analysis of these novels provides us with more insight into this phenomenon. Before the emergence of free indirect style, the most common form for the representation of a character's consciousness was direct discourse. The suggestion that the character is ‘thinking out loud' makes this thought representation unnatural, as emotions and feelings are often pre-verbal and wordless. Free indirect style gives the narrator the possibility to formulate that which the character cannot put into words. The free indirect style allows the author to merge descriptions of events and actions with the character's inner life, feelings, questions and wishes without a change in the narrative style when it comes to personal pronouns and tense.

scholarly journals Revisiting Pronominal Typology

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritty Patel-Grosz ◽  
Patrick G. Grosz
Keyword(s):  
Definite Descriptions ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Individual Variables

The overarching goal of this article is to shed new light on the debate over whether pronouns ( she/ he/ it) generally have the syntax and semantics of definite descriptions ( the woman/ the man/ the thing) or that of individual variables. As a case study, we investigate the differences between personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in German. We argue that the two types of pronouns have the same core makeup (both contain a null NP and a definite determiner), but demonstrative pronouns have additional functional structure that personal pronouns lack. This analysis is shown to derive both their commonalities and their differences, and it derives the distribution of demonstrative vs. personal pronouns by means of structural economy constraints.

scholarly journals Realisasi Pronomina dalam Bahasa Mooi: Analisis Tipologi Morfologi

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Winci Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Time Marker ◽  
Data Analysis Technique ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Data Collecting ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns

This study on relation of pronouns and affixation discusses about pronouns structure and affixes usage in Mooi language. Pronouns structures in Mooi language include personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The pronouns forms in Mooi language recognize gender forms and will experience sound changes if they are side by side with the first, second and third personal pronouns. On the other hand, affixations in Mooi language include preffixes, confixes, time marker confixes and personal confixes. The method used in this research is synchronic descriptif method, and the data collecting technique is spoken and listening technique. The data analysis technique is generalisation analysis technique that include several stages of forms and units determination in the corpus to morphology generalisation examination. ABSTRAKKajian tentang relasi pronomina dan afiksasi ini membahas tentang struktur kata ganti dan penggunaan afiks pada bahasa Mooi. Struktur kata ganti pada bahasa Mooi meliputi pronomina persona, pronomina milik, pronomina penanya dan pronomina penujuk. Bentuk pronomina dalam bahasa Mooi mengenal bentuk gender dan akan mengalami perubahan bunyi apabila berdampingan dengan kata ganti orang ke I, II, dan III. Sedangkan afikasasi pada bahasa Mooi meliputi prefiks, konfiks, konfiks penanda waktu dan konfiks persona. Metode yang digunakan dalam peneltian ini adalah metode deskriptif sinkronis, dengan teknik pengumpulan data adalah teknik cakap dan simak. Teknik analisis data yaitu teknik analisis generalisasi yang meliputi beberapa tahapan dari penentuan bentuk dan satuan dalam korpus sampai pada pemeriksaan generalisasi morfologi.

scholarly journals The timing of prominence information during the resolution of German personal and demonstrative pronouns

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Clare Patterson ◽  
Petra Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Strong Preference ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Deep Processing ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns

German personal and demonstrative pronouns have distinct preferences in their interpretation; personal pronouns are more flexible in their interpretation but tend to resolve to a prominent antecedent, while demonstratives have a strong preference for a non-prominent antecedent. However, less is known about how prominence information is used during the process of resolution, particularly in the light of two- stage processing models which assume that reference will normally be to the most accessible candidate. We conducted three experiments investigating how prominence information is used during the resolution of gender-disambiguated personal and demonstrative pronouns in German. While the demonstrative pronoun required additional processing compared to the personal pronoun, prominence information did not affect resolution in shallow conditions. It did, however, affect resolution under deep processing conditions. We conclude that prominence information is not ruled out by the presence of stronger resolution cues such as gender. However, the deployment of prominence information in the evaluation of candidate antecedents is under strategic control.

Topicality of the ‘Copula. form Shi in Santa Mongolian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoi Geka ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Unified Description

Santa (Dunxian) Mongolian cotnains a form called shi emanating from the copula ‘是 (shiP4P)’ of Chinese. In previous research, this form is known as a borrowed form that can occur with the indigenous copula wo., However, shi has been variously described as a ‘copula’ (刘 1981; Kim 2003; Napoli 2004), ‘copula verb’ (Field 1997), and a ‘postposition to show presentation’ (布和等编1986). As yet, there has not been a unified description of the actual function of shi. In this presentation, I pay attention to topicality after having analyzed the environment and the meaning of shi. First, regarding the environment, I pay attention to the elements preceding shi. From the analysis of the type of noun phrases that appear before shi and noun phrases that do not appear, I show that more definite noun phrases such as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns do appear, while less definite noun phrases such as interrogatives do not appear. Secondly, regarding the meaning function, I pay attention to examples frequently using shi. From the analysis of these examples, I show that shi has functions such as presenting a condition. Finally, regarding topicality, I contrast the topicality of Santa Mongolian shi with that of the Chinese 是, the original language of borrowing, and the Japanese wa, which is known as a topic marker. With this in mind, I conclude that the shi from Santa Mongolian should be analyzed as a topic marker and not as a copula.

Pronouns

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-85
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Genitive Case ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

Besides an outline of how interrogative pronouns (those for people, things, location, reason, purpose, quality, quantity, etc.), personal, and demonstrative pronouns are inflected and used, a thorough discussion is devoted to their plural, possessive, and case-marked forms. Also the use of personal pronouns in invective expressions is elucidated, as well as the use of the possessive marker first-person singular to express affection or respect in addressing a person. Indefinite pronouns are not really a different kettle of fish, since most of them can be inflected throughout, and this holds for reflexive and reciprocal pronouns as well. The properties of the invariant suffix –ki(n) placed after a genitive case marker form the topic of the final section, in which special attention is given to possessive pronouns.

Pronominally headed relative clauses in early English

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA L. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Early English

Present-day English is unlike Old English in not using singular demonstrative pronouns with anaphoric reference to human beings. This article adds to the contributions of Cole (2017) and Los & van Kemenade (2018) in our understanding of the factors determining the choice between personal and demonstrative pronouns in Old English by documenting the hitherto unexamined use of these pronouns as heads of relative clauses. It also traces how the singular demonstrative pronouns referring to humans retreated as heads of relative clauses in Early Middle English. A corpus-based study shows that third-person personal pronouns were unusual as heads of relative clauses in Old English and normally referred to specific individuals, while demonstratives were the pronouns of choice for generic reference but could also refer to specific individuals. The increased use of personal pronouns for generic reference is well underway in Early Middle English. While the retreat of the singular demonstrative pronouns to refer to humans in Early Middle English seems to have some connection with the reduced marking of feature distinctions in that period, a simple explanation in terms of loss of gender is untenable.

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