scholarly journals Propagation of Quercus myrsinifolia and Quercus canbyi by Stem Cuttings

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McGuigan ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Transitional Stage ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Adult Growth ◽  
Root Responses ◽  
Evergreen Oak

Abstract Stem cuttings of two clones (clone 1 and 2) of Quercus myrsinifolia Bl. (Chinese evergreen oak), and one clone of Quercus canbyi Trel. (Canby's oak), of seedling origin and in the adult growth phase, were taken on various dates representing specific growth stages. Cuttings of clone 1 of Q. myrsinifolia were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages in addition to a transitional stage between softwood and semi-hardwood. For clone 2, stem cuttings were taken only at the softwood and transitional softwood/semi-hardwood stages. Cuttings of Q. canbyi were collected at the semi-hardwood, hardwood, or softwood stages. Cuttings of both species were treated with 0, 1500 (0.15%), 3000 (0.3%), 6000 (0.6%), or 9000 ppm (0.9%) indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol. All cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Semi-hardwood or hardwood cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia or Q. canbyi did not root. Responses of stem cuttings of Q. myrsinifolia to IBA treatment varied by growth stage. For softwood cuttings response to IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting noted for clones 1 (56%) and 2 (72%) when treated with 1500 and 3000 ppm IBA, respectively. Treatment with IBA had no effect on percent rooting of softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings of clone 1, with rooting ranging from 47% to 58%. However, a linear decrease in rooting in response to IBA was observed fordone 2 with the greatest rooting occurring for the nontreated cuttings (89%). Softwood cuttings of Q. canbyi responded quadratically to IBA treatment, with maximum rooting of 33% noted for cuttings treated with 1500 ppm IBA.

Propagation of Thuja × `Green Giant' by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 504a-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Auxin Treatment

Stem cuttings of Thuja L. × `Green Giant', consisting of 22-cm terminals or 20-cm laterals, were collected on three dates associated with specific growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood), and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 9000 ppm and placed under intermittent mist. Regardless of cutting type or auxin treatment, cuttings rooted in high percentages at each growth stage. Overall rooting was highest for hardwood cuttings (96%) followed by semi-hardwood (86%), and softwood (85%) cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings were the only cuttings in which rooting was affected by IBA or cutting type with the greatest rooting (94%) attained using lateral cuttings treated with 6000 or 9000 ppm IBA. Although an interaction occurred between IBA treatment and cutting type for mean root length of hardwood cuttings, only mean root length of semi-hardwood cuttings was influenced by IBA concentration alone with the greatest length (25 mm) achieved with 6000 ppm IBA. An interaction was noted for root count between cutting type and IBA concentrations for softwood cuttings, whereas IBA and cutting type affected independently root count on semi-hardwood cuttings. Treatment with 9000 ppm IBA resulted in 18 roots per rooted cutting whereas lateral cuttings responded with a mean of 16 roots over all IBA concentrations. Root count on hardwood cuttings was affected by IBA treatment only, with 9000 ppm being optimum (14 roots per rooted cutting).

scholarly journals Propagation of ‘Carolina Sapphire’ Smooth Arizona Cypress by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Hunter L. Stubbs ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Auxin Treatment ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica

Abstract Stem cuttings of ‘Carolina Sapphire’ smooth Arizona cypress [Cupressus arizonica var. glabra (Sudw.) Little ‘Carolina Sapphire’] consisting of 30 cm (12 in) terminals or distal [terminal 15 cm (6 in)] and proximal [basal 15 cm (6 in)] halves of 30 cm (12 in) terminals were taken on three dates associated with specific growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, and softwood). Cuttings were treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 16,000 ppm (1.6%) and placed under intermittent mist. Regardless of cutting type and auxin treatment, cuttings rooted at each growth stage. Overall percent rooting was highest during the hardwood stage (70%), followed by the semi-hardwood stage (44%). Softwood cuttings exhibited the lowest overall rooting (33%). At each growth stage, percent rooting, root count, and root dry weight varied depending on cutting type and IBA treatment. Rooting percentages ≥70% were attained at the semi-hardwood and hardwood growth stages for particular treatment combinations.

scholarly journals Propagation of Quercus phillyreoides by Stem Cuttings

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McGuigan ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Adult Growth

Abstract Stem cuttings of two clones (clones 1 and 2) of seedling origin of Quercus phillyreoides A. Gray (ubame oak) in the adult growth phase were taken on four dates that represented four growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, softwood, and transitional growth between softwood and semi-hardwood). All cuttings were treated with selected concentrations and formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Greatest rooting for both clones was achieved with softwood cuttings with 97% and 56% rooting for clones 1 and 2, respectively, treated with 8000 ppm (0.8%) IBA in talc. Six weeks later when cuttings were in a softwood/semi-hardwood condition, rooting of clone 1 was still comparable to softwood cuttings whereas clone 2 rooted poorly. For both clones, rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings was poor, which was the same for hardwood cuttings of clone 2. Moderate rooting of 58% was noted for nontreated hardwood cuttings of clone 1. Auxin treatments generally increased root number. As mean root number increased mean root length decreased. Greater overwinter survival was observed for rooted softwood cuttings, which produced a flush of new growth following rooting in comparison to softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings that did not flush following rooting.

scholarly journals Propagation of Thuja x ‘Green Giant’ by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-214
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Plant Growth Stages

Abstract Stem cuttings of Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’ (‘Green Giant’ arborvitae), consisting of 22 cm (8.6 in) terminals (tips of first-order laterals) or 20 cm (7.8 in) laterals (side shoots removed from those portions of terminal cuttings inserted into the rooting medium), were collected on three dates associated with specific stock plant growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood) and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 9000 ppm (0.9%). Regardless of cutting type or auxin treatment, cuttings rooted in high percentages at each growth stage. Overall rooting for softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood, cuttings was 85%, 86%, and 96%, respectively. Semi-hardwood cuttings were the only cuttings in which percent rooting was affected by IBA treatment or cutting type, with lateral cuttings rooting in higher percentages than terminal cuttings (92% vs. 79%, respectively), while IBA concentrations of 3000 (0.3%) or 6000 ppm (0.6%) proved optimal for both cutting types. Mean root number and mean root length varied by growth stage, cutting type, and IBA concentration. In general, rooting percentages and root length were optimized at the hardwood stage with either cutting type treated with 3000, 6000 or 9000 ppm (0.3%, 0.6% or 0.9%) IBA, resulting in >10 roots per cutting.

scholarly journals IBA Formulation, Concentration, and Stock Plant Growth Stage Affect Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Viburnum rufidulum

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Plant Growth Stages

Abstract Viburnum rufidulum Raf. (southern or rusty blackhaw) has potential to be a popular landscape plant as it is an attractive large shrub tolerant of many common landscape stresses. However, propagation difficulties have thus far limited wide scale use. Therefore, the influence of IBA formulation and concentration on adventitious rooting of stem cuttings of southern blackhaw taken at different stock plant growth stages throughout the year were investigated. Liquid formulations of the potassium salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 ppm (0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9%) as well as talc formulations of IBA at 1000, 3000, or 8000 ppm (0.1, 0.3 or 0.8%) were utilized. Talc formulations failed to stimulate rooting regardless of concentration or growth stage. A quick-dip of K-IBA increased rooting percentage at all growth stages. Softwood and hardwood cuttings had the highest rooting percentages. Hardwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) or 9000 ppm (0.9%) rooted 90 and 100%, respectively. Softwood cuttings treated with 6000 ppm (0.6%) rooted 87%. K-IBA improved root number per rooted cutting for softwood cuttings, whereas root length was unaffected by K-IBA at any growth stage.

scholarly journals Propagation of Castanopsis sclerophylla by Stem Cuttings

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Peter J. Conden ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Overwinter Survival

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to develop a protocol for propagation of Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky by stem cuttings. In the first experiment completed in 2000, stem cuttings were taken on three dates representing three growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings were treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm of the free acid of indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol, whereas softwood cuttings were treated with the same concentrations of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) dissolved in distilled water. Cuttings were placed in a raised greenhouse bench and rooted under intermittent mist. Cuttings taken at the semi-hardwood and hardwood stages began to drop their leaves after approximately 2 weeks and the majority eventually died, with negligible rooting of surviving cuttings. The response of the softwood cuttings to K-IBA was quadratic with the greatest rooting (63%) at 7500 ppm K-IBA. Seventy softwood cuttings that rooted were potted for observance of overwinter survival. Of these, 90% produced a flush of growth during the summer, with 80% overwinter survival. In the second experiment conducted in 2001, semi-hardwood cuttings were taken and treated with 0, 2500 (0.25%), 5000 (0.5%), 7500 (0.75%), or 10,000 (1.0%) ppm K-IBA and placed in a raised greenhouse bench with intermittent mist for rooting as in the first experiment. Results were similar to the semi-hardwood cuttings treated in the first experiment with the free acid of IBA, indicating semi-hardwood cuttings do not root and that the auxin and/or isopropyl alcohol were not toxic to the cuttings.

scholarly journals Shading and IBA Treatment Do Not Improve Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Quercus Phillyraeoides

Abstract Shoot tip cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray ‘Emerald Sentinel’ (‘Emerald Sentinel’ oak), in a transitional growth stage between softwood and semi-hardwood, were collected from containerized plants growing under uniform fertility on June 4, 1998. Cuttings were treated with talc formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), ranging from 0 to 8000 ppm (0.8%), and placed under intermittent mist with shade levels excluding 0%, 30%, 60% or 90% of full solar irradiance. After 14 weeks, percent rooting averaged 18% and was unaffected by either IBA concentration or shading regime. Similarly, both mean root number per rooted cutting and mean root length were unaffected by IBA concentration or shading. Roots per rooted cutting and mean root length averaged 2.6 and 41 mm (1.6 in), respectively. Results suggest that shading stem cuttings of ‘Emerald Sentinel’ during propagation does not affect rooting.

The effects of sequential inoculation of mixed rumen protozoa on the degradation of orchard grass cell walls by anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus 543

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung S Lee ◽  
Jong K Ha ◽  
K -J Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Rumen Protozoa

The effects of protozoa on the degradation of plant cell walls (CW) during different growth stages of the fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus have been investigated. Since fungi show a marked lag in their in vitro cultures and many protozoa rapidly die during a prolonged incubation time, the effects of protozoa may vary according to the growth phase of the fungi. Therefore, the approach adopted was (i) to inoculate CW with fungus monoculture, (ii) to inoculate CW with fungus-protozoa coculture, or (iii) to sequentially inoculate fungal cultures that had been grown in CW for 24 (initial stage of growth), 48, and 72 h (late stage of growth) with mixed protozoa. When a fungus was associated with protozoa, a growth phase dependent effect was observed. Ruminal protozoa adversely affected the growth and activity when introduced in the initial growth stage of A. mucronatus, but a synergetic interaction was detected when added to late growth stage cultures. Although there is no immediate explanation for these results, the data suggested that protozoa can engulf the fungal zoospores, which are in ruminal fluids and (or) attached to small feed particles, but cannot engulf the fungal thallus that is tightly attached to feed particles by a rhizoidal system. Our data indicated that the protozoa did not influence cellulolysis by the fungi in exponential and (or) stationary phase, but they had a marked inhibitory effect on fungi that were in lag phase. Inhibition during lag phase could result from the protozoal predation of fungal zoospores that had failed to attach to substrates.Key words: rumen fungi, rumen protozoa, cellulose digestion, cellulase activity, interactions.

scholarly journals Propagation of Selected Clones of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) by Stem Cuttings

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
John M. Wooldridge ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Auxin Treatment ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
F1 Generation

Abstract Two experiments, one utilizing softwood cuttings and the other semi-hardwood cuttings, were conducted to investigate the influence of growth stage and auxin treatment on rooting four related clones of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.). The four clones were ‘Flame’ (C. canadensis L. ‘Flame’), dwarf white, and two selections (NC99-6-1 and NC99-6-2) of an F1 generation derived from a cross of ‘Flame’ and dwarf white. At each growth stage, rooting responses of the clones varied and were influenced greatly by auxin treatment, demonstrating the variable rooting potential of the genotypes. In both studies, ‘Flame’ rooted well [63% rooting in the softwood study when treated with the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 5000 mg·L−1 (ppm), 83% rooting when treated in the semi-hardwood study with K-IBA at 10,000 mg·L−1], indicating stem cuttings may be a commercially feasible means of propagation for ‘Flame.’ Softwood cuttings of dwarf white (46%) and NC99-6-2 (75%) rooted best when treated with K-IBA at 15,000 mg·L−1, whereas softwood cuttings of NC99-6-1 rooted best (46%) when treated with K-IBA at 10,000 mg·L−1. Dwarf white and the F1s rooted poorly in the semi-hardwood study.

Impact of climatic factors at specific growth stages on soybean soyasaponin I concentration

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ruixue Tang ◽  
Philippe Seguin ◽  
Malcolm Morrison ◽  
Elise Smedbol
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Glycine Max L

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important source of health-beneficial compounds, including soyasaponin I. A field study was conducted for 11 yr in Ottawa, ON, Canada, to assess the impacts of temperature and precipitation during specific growth stage intervals on soyasaponin I concentration in three soybean cultivars. Soyasaponin I concentration response to air temperature and precipitation variables were observed at specific growth stage intervals for some cultivars. The response was complex and cultivar specific. Overall, reproductive stages were more responsive and 20 °C appeared to be a critical threshold in determining soybean soyasaponin I concentration response to air temperature.

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