scholarly journals Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Glyphosate plus Dicamba Combinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Field studies were conducted in south and the High Plains of Texas as well as in southwestern Oklahoma during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of glyphosate plus dicamba combinations (1/16 X to 1 X of the 1.68 kg ae ha-1 rate) applied 30, 60, and 90 days after planting (DAP) on Spanish (Oklahoma) and runner (Texas) peanut.  Rates were established to evaluate sub-labeled drift and direct application of a 1 X rate.  Peanut stunting and death were more prevalent at the 30 and 60 DAP application while peanut were more tolerant of the 90 DAP application.  In south Texas, peanut yields were reduced in both years when rates of ¼ X or greater were applied 30 and 90 DAP while rates of 1/8 X or greater reduced yield when applied 60 DAP.  At the High Plains location, peanut yields were consistently reduced with rates of ½ X or greater applied 30 and 90 DAP and ¼ X or greater applied 60 DAP.  In Oklahoma, peanut yield were consistently reduced with rates of ¼ X or greater applied 30 and 60 DAP and 1/16 X or greater when applied 90 DAP.  Peanut grade was more affected by the 60 and 90 DAP application than the 30 DAP application.  

scholarly journals Carfentrazone Plus Pyroxasulfone Combinations for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

Aims: To determine peanut response and weed control following the use of carfentrazone plus pyroxasulfone (C + P). Study Design:  Randomized complete block design with 3-4 reps depending on location. Place and Duration of Study: Studies were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in south Texas near Yoakum (29.276o N, 97.123o W), the High Plains of Texas near Lamesa (32.769o N, 101.977o W) or Brownfield (33.104o N, 102.161o W), and southwestern Oklahoma near Ft. Cobb (35.091o N, 98.275o W). Methodology: Plots were infested with naturally occurring weed populations. Pendimethalin was applied either preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE). Early postemergence (EPOST) applications varied according to weather conditions and peanut growth at each location. Postemergence (POST) treatments were applied 26 to 58 days after planting. Weed control and peanut stunting were visually estimated on a scale of 0 to 100 (0 indicating no control or plant death and 100 indicating complete control or plant death). Results: Peanut stunting with C + P was only noted at the High Plains and Oklahoma locations in 2015 but not 2016. Urochloa texana (Buckl.) control with C + P (PRE) varied from 75 to 93%. POST applications provided inconsistent control.  Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control with C + P (PRE) was at least 78% season-long while POST applications were inconsistent (24 to 100%).  Pendimethalin plus C + P controlled Cucumis melo L. var. Dudaim Naud. at least 80% late-season. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. control was excellent season-long (> 80%) in 2015 but poor (< 60%) in 2016.  Reduced peanut yields were noted with C + P in Oklahoma in 2015 to excessive season-long injury.    Conclusion: The premix of C + P has potential for use in peanut especially for control of many small-seeded annual broadleaf weeds that continue to plague many peanut growers across the southwest.  For effective broad-spectrum annual weed control season-long, the addition of pendimethalin to PRE applications will be required.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus Esculentus) Control and Peanut Tolerance toS-Metolachlor and Diclosulam Combinations

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Rolling Plains

Field studies were conducted in different peanut-growing areas of Texas during the 1999 through 2001 growing seasons to evaluate yellow nutsedge control and peanut tolerance to diclosulam alone applied PRE,S-metolachlor alone applied POST, or diclosulam applied PRE followed by (fb)S-metolachlor applied POST. Yellow nutsedge control was > 80% at five of six locations when diclosulam at 0.018 or 0.026 kg/ha applied PRE was fbS-metolachlor applied POST at 0.56, 1.12, or 1.46 kg ai/ha. Peanut stunting was noted with diclosulam at the High Plains locations but not at the Rolling Plains or south Texas locations. This stunting with diclosulam was due to a combination of peanut variety and high soil pH. Peanut yield was not always increased where yellow nutsedge was controlled.

scholarly journals Interaction of Flumioxazin with Dimethenamid or Metolachlor in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
B. A. Besler ◽  
P. A. Dotray ◽  
W. C. Johnson ◽  
E. R. Prostko
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract Field studies were conducted in various peanut growing regions of Texas and Georgia to study peanut response to flumioxazin alone or in combination with dimethenamid or metolachlor. In south Texas during 1997, flumioxazin plus metolachlor resulted in greater than 45% peanut stunt, while flumioxazin plus dimethenamid caused ≤20% peanut stunt. This stunting was attributed to cool, wet growing conditions. Peanut yields in flumioxazin plus metolachlor-treated plots were reduced 58% from peanut in the non-treated check. In 1999 and 2000, flumioxazin plus dimethenamid or metolachlor resulted in 15% or greater peanut stunt, but stunting was not constant across weather conditions or locations. In west Texas and Georgia no peanut stunting with flumioxazin was noted. At the Levelland, TX location, flumioxazin at 0.07 kg/ha plus metolachlor at 1.1 kg/ha reduced peanut yield 32% when compared with the non-treated check; while at the Pearsall, TX location, metolachlor or dimethenamid at 1.1 kg/ha, flumioxazin at 0.07 kg/ha plus dimethenamid at 1.5 kg/ha, and flumioxazin at 0.1 kg/ha plus dimethenamid at 1.1 kg/ha reduced peanut yield 24 to 48% when compared with the non-treated check. No yield reduction was noted in Georgia.

Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wehtje ◽  
J. W. Wilcut ◽  
J. A. McGuire ◽  
T. V. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Lactofen at Various Postemergence Timings1

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Dotray ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
T. A. Baughman ◽  
E. P. Prostko ◽  
T. L. Grey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Texas High Plains ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
Preharvest Interval

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at nine locations in Texas and Georgia in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate peanut tolerance to lactofen. Lactofen at 220 g ai/ha plus crop oil concentrate was applied to peanut at 6 leaf (lf), 6 lf followed by (fb) 15 days after the initial treatment (DAIT), 15 DAIT alone, 6 lf fb 30 DAIT, 30 DAIT alone, 6 lf fb 45 DAIT, 45 DAIT alone, 6 lf fb 60 DAIT, and 60 DAIT alone in weed-free plots. Lactofen caused visible leaf bronzing at all locations. Yield loss was observed when applications were made 45 DAIT, a timing that would correspond to plants in the R5 (beginning seed) to R6 (full seed) stage of growth. At all locations except the Texas High Plains, this application timing was within the 90 d preharvest interval. Growers who apply lactofen early in the peanut growing season to small weeds should have confidence that yields will not be negatively impacted despite dramatic above-ground injury symptoms; however, applications made later in the season, during seed fill, may adversely affect yield.

Effects of photoperiod on reproductive development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a cool subtropical environment. I. Field studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Bell ◽  
G Harch
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The effects of photoperiod on reproductive development and yield of two Virginia, one Spanish and one Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar were investigated in the field at Kingaroy, Australia. The objective was to assess the importance of photoperiod as a limitation to post-flowering reproductive development in a cool subtropical environment. A total of five experimental sowings were made between the 1986/87 and 1988/89 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of either natural photoperiods (ranging from 11 to 14 h, depending on sowing date and growth stage) or long (16 h) photoperiods during a range of phenological stages, both pre- and post-flowering. Long photoperiods were achieved by using low intensity light from incandescent bulbs with equal extension periods in both morning and evening. Different sowing dates and seasons were used to produce a range of natural photoperiods, radiation and temperature regimes, while shadecloth was used to alter incident irradiance during the 1988/89 experiments. Photoperiod responses were significant in only one experiment (S2, 1986/87), and were due to effects of treatment during the immediate post-flowering period. Numbers of flowers, pegs and pods were reduced under long photoperiods in cv. Robut 33-1, and to a lesser extent, in cv. White Spanish. The Virginia cv. Uf 781 14-5 was unaffected. The effects of long photoperiods during this 30 day post-flowering treatment were not expressed until after the treatment period. Effects were relatively small and reproductive (pod) yields at maturity were not significantly reduced. The lack of strong photoperiod responses in the reportedly sensitive Valencia cv. NC17090 and the occurrence of the strongest response in the relatively insensitive cv. Robut 33-1 were unexpected. Analysis of climatic data from these experiments, and others reported in the literature, suggested interactions between photoperiod and temperature, with photoperiod effects being only significant at higher temperatures, i.e. in our studies, when mean daily temperature during the treatment period was 26-0�C. This finding is of considerable significance in assessing the importance of photoperiod sensitivity for cultivar adaptation to long day/subtropical environments. A subsequent paper in this series examines photoperiod x temperature interactions more closely under controlled environment conditions.

Colorimetric Assessment of Pod Disease in Peanuts: Comparison with Visual Methods and Efficacy of Use in Selection1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Gregory B. Parker ◽  
Olin D. Smith ◽  
W. James Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Pythium Myriotylum ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Abstract Colorimetry was evaluated as a method to assess pod disease in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused primarily by Pythium myriotylum Drechs., Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Data analyzed were from nineteen replicated tests conducted from 1982 to 1987, exclusive of 1985, in three South Texas locations. Each plot was scored for pod disease colorimetrically and visually. A negative linear relationship (R2&gt;96%) was found between Hunter color values (L and b) and percent infection measured visually for samples hand selected to approximate eleven disease levels varying from 0-100%. Variability among readings was less at extremes of infection. Correlation both between visual ratings and between visual and colorimetric ratings was affected by soil differences, pathogens infecting the pods, pod genotype, and level of infection present. Correlation among visual raters was generally higher than that between color value ratings. Two-thirds of the lines in these tests classified visually as being in the best 50% for pod disease were also in the best 50% according to colorimetric scores. Use of colorimetry in conjunction with a single visual rating was estimated to increase efficiency and reduce costs of evaluation compared to multiple visual ratings.

scholarly journals Enhanced Infection of Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., Seeds With Aspergillus flavus Group Fungi Due to External Scarification of Peanut Pods by the Lesser Cornstalk Borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller)1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lynch ◽  
David M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Elasmopalpus Lignosellus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus Group

Abstract The relationship between injury by the lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), and invasion of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., pods and seeds by species of the Aspergillus flavus group (A. flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare) were studied under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, LCB larvae were an excellent vector of an A. parasiticus color mutant (ATCC 24690) to all developmental stages of peanut pods. Fungal invasion and aflatoxin concentration in seeds were higher in immature pods (stage 2–3) than in more mature pods (stage 4–6). Contamination of seeds with ATCC 24690 was directly related to the extent of pod injury by larvae of the LCB. In field studies, over 50% of the LCB larvae collected from peanut were naturally contaminated with species of the A. flavus group. The planting date and harvest date of peanut had little influence on the incidence of fungal contamination of pods and seeds, or on aflatoxin content in seeds. However, increased pod injury by the LCB significantly increased the percentage of seeds infected with species of the A. flavus group. Seeds in pods with only external scarification from larval feeding had a significantly higher percentage of A. flavus group infection than seeds from uninjured pods. Therefore, infection and contamination of visibly uninjured seeds with aflatoxigenic fungi were enhanced by external injury to peanut pods by the LCB.

scholarly journals Performance and Economic Benefit of Herbicides Used for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wehtje ◽  
B. J. Brecke ◽  
N. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (1995 and 1996) and at two locations (Jay, FL, and Headland, AL) to identify the most effective herbicide program for Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW) D.C.] control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The most common herbicides used for Florida beggarweed control—including preemergence (PRE), early-postemergence (EPOST), mid-postemergence (MPOST) and late-postemergence (LPOST) applied treatments—were evaluated in a factorial treatment arrangement. All treatments had merit and could be assembled into programs that resulted in maximum weed control, crop yield, and net returns. However, at least two of the four treatment timings were required to reach this level. Four systems were consistently associated with the maximum statistical grouping for both yield and net returns, as well as acceptable Florida beggarweed control (&gt; 81%). These systems were (a) paraquat + bentazon applied EPOST, followed by pyridate + 2,4-DB MPOST; (b) same as (a) only preceded by norflurazon applied PRE; (c) imazapic applied EPOST followed by pyridate + 2,4-DB MPOST; and (d) norflurazon applied PRE, followed by imazapic EPOST.

scholarly journals Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) Growth and Yield as Influenced by Preemergence Herbicides

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
P. A. Dotray ◽  
D. R. Langham
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Studies were conducted during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons under weed-free conditions in South Texas and the High Plains region of Texas to evaluate preemergence herbicides for sesame tolerance. No reduction in sesame stand was noted with any herbicide at south Texas location; however, at the High Plains location, linuron at the 2X rate reduced stand counts 28 days after treatment (DAT) in 2007 and diuron reduced sesame stand 147 DAT in 2008 when compared with the untreated check. At the 1/2X rate all herbicides exhibited minimal stunting while at the 1X rate stunting was variable and varied between locations. At the 2X rate, all herbicides caused sesame stunting compared to the untreated check. No herbicide, with the exception of linuron at the 2X rate in 2008 at the High Plains location, reduced sesame yield when compared with the untreated check. Although some herbicide treatments resulted in sesame stunting, this did not result in any yield reductions and this can be attributed to the ability of the sesame plant to compensate for injury and/or reduced stands.

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