scholarly journals A Review of Infiltration Excess Overland Flow (IEOF): Terms, Models and Environmental Impact

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-502
Author(s):  
Siti Nurbaidzuri Reli ◽  
Izham Mohamad Yusoff ◽  
Habibah Lateh ◽  
Muhamad Uznir Ujang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
High Precipitation

High precipitation rate usually give an impact on soil instability and streamflow volume that lead to hazard such as landslide, soil erosion and flood. However, such hazard might happen as a result of various factors including types of soil, soil structure, land used, human activities and surface and subsurface water flow. The major changes on flow rate might change the soil structure and flow direction due to high volume of precipitation with uneven dispersion, especially in hilly topography. The research on Streamflow Generating Process (SGP) has been advancing in order to understand the formation of stream resulting from both surface and subsurface flow comprising Infiltration Excess Overland Flow (IEOF), Saturation Excess Overland Flow (SEOF), Shallow Subsurface Flow (SSF), Direct Precipitation onto Stream Surface (DPOSS), percolation, evapotranspiration and ground water (GW). This paper will only focus on one of the process which is IEOF. Despite the apparent important of IEOF in determining changes in environment, relatively little is understood in the processes that occurred behind. The review aims to minimize the misconception on the terms that regularly used in IEOF studies such as overland flow, surface runoff, urban runoff and stormwater. The term used can make the meaning become misleading and give confusion to the readers. A numerous of terms used to explain the process in Hydrology does not pose problems for Hydrologist but effect the understanding of those who are from different field of background. Besides, this study also discussed on the current model that used in IEOF studies and the trend of integrated hydrological and Geographic Information System (GIS) model in solving IEOF problems. In addition, this paper also concentrates on one of the environmental issues that give impact to IEOF which is global warming.

scholarly journals Rainfall-runoff modelling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system: application of the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Zhang ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract. Based on the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach, the modelling tool REWASH (Representative Elementary WAterShed Hydrology) has been developed and applied to the Geer river basin. REWASH is deterministic, semi-distributed, physically based and can be directly applied to the watershed scale. In applying REWASH, the river basin is divided into a number of sub-watersheds, so called REWs, according to the Strahler order of the river network. REWASH describes the dominant hydrological processes, i.e. subsurface flow in the unsaturated and saturated domains, and overland flow by the saturation-excess and infiltration-excess mechanisms. Through flux exchanges among the different spatial domains of the REW, surface and subsurface water interactions are fully coupled. REWASH is a parsimonious tool for modelling watershed hydrological response. However, it can be modified to include more components to simulate specific processes when applied to a specific river basin where such processes are observed or considered to be dominant. In this study, we have added a new component to simulate interception using a simple parametric approach. Interception plays an important role in the water balance of a watershed although it is often disregarded. In addition, a refinement for the transpiration in the unsaturated zone has been made. Finally, an improved approach for simulating saturation overland flow by relating the variable source area to both the topography and the groundwater level is presented. The model has been calibrated and verified using a 4-year data set, which has been split into two for calibration and validation. The model performance has been assessed by multi-criteria evaluation. This work is the first full application of the REW approach to watershed rainfall-runoff modelling in a real watershed. The results demonstrate that the REW approach provides an alternative blueprint for physically based hydrological modelling.

scholarly journals Rainfall-runoff modelling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system: application of the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Zhang ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Watershed Hydrology ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract. Based on the Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) approach, the modelling tool REWASH (Representative Elementary WAterShed Hydrology) has been developed and applied to the Geer river basin. REWASH is deterministic, semi-distributed, physically based and can be directly applied to the watershed scale. In applying REWASH, the river basin is divided into a number of sub-watersheds, so called REWs, according to the Strahler order of the river network. REWASH describes the dominant hydrological processes, i.e. subsurface flow in the unsaturated and saturated domains, and overland flow by the saturation-excess and infiltration-excess mechanisms. The coupling of surface and subsurface flow processes in the numerical model is realised by simultaneous computation of flux exchanges between surface and subsurface domains for each REW. REWASH is a parsimonious tool for modelling watershed hydrological response. However, it can be modified to include more components to simulate specific processes when applied to a specific river basin where such processes are observed or considered to be dominant. In this study, we have added a new component to simulate interception using a simple parametric approach. Interception plays an important role in the water balance of a watershed although it is often disregarded. In addition, a refinement for the transpiration in the unsaturated zone has been made. Finally, an improved approach for simulating saturation overland flow by relating the variable source area to both the topography and the groundwater level is presented. The model has been calibrated and verified using a 4-year data set, which has been split into two for calibration and validation. The model performance has been assessed by multi-criteria evaluation. This work represents a complete application of the REW approach to watershed rainfall-runoff modelling in a real watershed. The results demonstrate that the REW approach provides an alternative blueprint for physically based hydrological modelling.

scholarly journals Identification of runoff formation with two dyes in a mid-latitude mountain headwater

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3025-3040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Vlček ◽  
Kristýna Falátková ◽  
Philipp Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Preferential Flow Paths

Abstract. Subsurface flow in peat bog areas and its role in the hydrologic cycle has garnered increased attention as water scarcity and floods have increased due to a changing climate. In order to further probe the mechanisms in peat bog areas and contextualize them at the catchment scale, this experimental study identifies runoff formation at two opposite hillslopes in a peaty mountain headwater; a slope with organic peat soils and a shallow phreatic zone (0.5 m below surface), and a slope with mineral Podzol soils and no detectable groundwater (> 2 m below surface). Similarities and differences in infiltration, percolation and preferential flow paths between both hillslopes could be identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein sodium. To our knowledge, this is the first time these two dyes have been compared in their ability to stain preferential flow paths in soils. Dye-stained soil profiles within and downstream of the sprinkling areas were excavated parallel (lateral profiles) and perpendicular (frontal profiles) to the slopes' gradients. That way preferential flow patterns in the soil could be clearly identified. The results show that biomat flow, shallow subsurface flow in the organic topsoil layer, occurred at both hillslopes; however, at the peat bog hillslope it was significantly more prominent. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow in the case of the peat bog, or percolated vertically towards the bedrock in the case of the Podzol. This study provides evidence that subsurface pipe flow, lateral preferential flow along decomposed tree roots or logs in the unsaturated zone, is a major runoff formation process at the peat bog hillslope and in the adjacent riparian zone.

scholarly journals Hydrological functioning of cattle ranching impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands of Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1596-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio N. Magliano ◽  
David Mindham ◽  
Wlodek Tych ◽  
Francisco Murray ◽  
Marcelo D. Nosetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cattle Ranching ◽  
Systems Modelling ◽  
Controlling Variables ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract Rainwater harvesting and associated storage is essential for cattle ranching in the drylands of Argentina and elsewhere. This is the first study to attempt to quantify the hydrological inflows and losses from rainwater harvesting impoundments. To address the direct effect of cattle within impoundments, a typical cattle-affected impoundment was instrumented and compared with that of a similar impoundment but without cattle access. Analysis of the storage dynamics with reference to the controlling variables demonstrated the highly episodic nature of the generation of infiltration-excess overland flow that recharged the impoundments. The impoundments experienced 43 and 35% of storage loss to open-water-evaporation for the cattle-affected and control impoundments, respectively. Critically, the cattle-effected impoundment lost only 15% of storage to leakage (after cattle consumption was taken into account), while the control lost 65% of its water to basal leakage. Indeed systems modelling of the rainfall-storage dynamics showed that the cattle-affected impoundment, despite consumption by 300 cows, maintained water in the impoundment (per a unit input of rainfall) for longer than the control (a 65- versus 25-day residence time). These results highlight the unintended beneficial effect of cattle trampling on the floor of the impoundment reducing leakage losses.

Measuring Soil Loss and Subsequent Nutrient and Organic Matter Loss on Farmland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Ferro ◽  
Vincenzo Bagarello
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Rill Erosion

Field plots are often used to obtain experimental data (soil loss values corresponding to different climate, soil, topographic, crop, and management conditions) for predicting and evaluating soil erosion and sediment yield. Plots are used to study physical phenomena affecting soil detachment and transport, and their sizes are determined according to the experimental objectives and the type of data to be obtained. Studies on interrill erosion due to rainfall impact and overland flow need small plot width (2–3 m) and length (< 10 m), while studies on rill erosion require plot lengths greater than 6–13 m. Sites must be selected to represent the range of uniform slopes prevailing in the farming area under consideration. Plots equipped to study interrill and rill erosion, like those used for developing the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), measure erosion from the top of a slope where runoff begins; they must be wide enough to minimize the edge or border effects and long enough to develop downslope rills. Experimental stations generally include bounded runoff plots of known rea, slope steepness, slope length, and soil type, from which both runoff and soil loss can be monitored. Once the boundaries defining the plot area are fixed, a collecting equipment must be used to catch the plot runoff. A conveyance system (H-flume or pipe) carries total runoff to a unit sampling the sediment and a storage system, such as a sequence of tanks, in which sediments are accumulated. Simple methods have been developed for estimating the mean sediment concentration of all runoff stored in a tank by using the vertical concentration profile measured on a side of the tank. When a large number of plots are equipped, the sampling of suspension and consequent oven-drying in the laboratory are highly time-consuming. For this purpose, a sampler that can extract a column of suspension, extending from the free surface to the bottom of the tank, can be used. For large plots, or where runoff volumes are high, a divisor that splits the flow into equal parts and passes one part in a storage tank as a sample can be used. Examples of these devices include the Geib multislot divisor and the Coshocton wheel. Specific equipment and procedures must be employed to detect the soil removed by rill and gully erosion. Because most of the soil organic matter is found close to the soil surface, erosion significantly decreases soil organic matter content. Several studies have demonstrated that the soil removed by erosion is 1.3–5 times richer in organic matter than the remaining soil. Soil organic matter facilitates the formation of soil aggregates, increases soil porosity, and improves soil structure, facilitating water infiltration. The removal of organic matter content can influence soil infiltration, soil structure, and soil erodibility.

scholarly journals Flow–Sediment Turbulent Ejections: Interaction between Surface and Subsurface Flow in Gravel-Bed Contaminated by Fine Sediment

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589
Author(s):  
Bustamante-Penagos N. ◽  
Niño Y.
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Fine Sediment ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Turbulent Structures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Scatter Plots

Several researchers have studied turbulent structures, such as ejections, sweeps, and outwards and inwards interactions in flumes, where the streamwise velocity dominates over vertical and transversal velocities. However, this research presents an experimental study in which there are ejections associated with the interchange between surface and subsurface water, where the vertical velocity dominates over the streamwise component. The experiment is related to a surface alluvial stream that is polluted with fine sediment, which is percolated into the bed. The subsurface flow is modified by a lower permeability associated with the fine sediment and emerges to the surface current. Quasi-steady ejections are produced that drag fine sediment into the surface flow. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measured the velocity field before and after the ejection. The velocity data were analyzed by scatter plots, power spectra, and wavelet analysis of turbulent fluctuations, finding changes in the distribution of turbulence interactions with and without the presence of fine deposits. The flow sediment ejection changes the patterns of turbulent structures and the distribution of the turbulence interactions that have been reported in open channels without subsurface flows.

"Partial area contribution" and "Overland flow discontinuity": from humid to arid hillslopes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Lavee
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Partial Area ◽  
Semi Arid

&lt;p&gt;In humid temperate areas, where infiltration rate and soil moisture are high the hillslopes are draining mainly via shallow subsurface flow. Overland flow is seldom generated on the very low parts of hillslopes when the soil is saturated up to the surface. This spatial pattern is known as &amp;#8220;partial area contribution&amp;#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In contrary, in arid areas, where the soil moisture is hygroscopic most of the time, overland flow is generated not because of soil saturation conditions but only when rainfall intensity is higher than the infiltration rate.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, we found a &amp;#8220;partial area contribution&amp;#8221; pattern in several arid and semi-arid areas due other controlling factors:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;In eastern Sinai, under rainfall simulation experiments on scree slopes, due to high spatial differences in the soil texture, runoff coefficient in the gullies was almost 100% while in the very permeable interfluves runoff wasn&amp;#8217;t generated at all. Overland flow was generated, therefore, only in the gullies (Lavee ,1973; Yair &amp; Lavee ,1976).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;In an instrumented experimental watershed in the Northern Negev, the specific overland flow yield from long plots ,extending from the divide to the slope base (around 60m in length), was consistently lower than the combined specific overland flow yield from the adjacent two short plots (around 30m in length), draining the upper and the lower sections of the hillslope, respectively. This means that the overland flow is discontinuous and at least part of the overland flow that was generated at the upper part of the hillslope infiltrated, in most overland flow events, into the soil, before reaching the slope base. In other words, only the lower part of the hillslope contributes, in most cases, overland flow to the channel. Such overland flow discontinuity is controlled by: 1. The typical short duration of rain showers in arid areas. As more than 80% of the rain showers last for less than 15 minutes, the total flow duration is usually shorter than the concentration time. 2. The spatial distribution of infiltration rate. In this case it was mainly the relatively high infiltration rate in the colluvial cover at the lower part of the hillslopes in part of the study area that absorbed large amount of the water flowing from the upper part of the hillslopes (Lavee, 1982; Yair &amp; Lavee, 1985; Lavee &amp; Yair, 1990).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;In an experimental project along a climatological transect, running from the Mediterranean climate near Jerusalem to the extreme arid climate near the Dead Sea, the main reason for the overland flow discontinuity, especially in the semi-arid area, was the mosaic pattern of &amp;#8220;source patches&amp;#8221;, on which overland flow was generated, and &amp;#8220;sink patches&amp;#8221;, in which at least part of the direct rain and the incoming overland flow infiltrated. This pattern is produced by different processes, mainly via the effect of vegetation, but also due to the effects of micro-topography, big stones, especially if they are partly embedded in the soil, and livestock grazing (Lavee &amp; Poesen, 1991; Lavee et al., 1998; Stavi et al., 2008).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;

Selected HYDRUS modules for modeling subsurface flow and contaminant transport as influenced by biological processes at various scales

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jirka Šimůnek ◽  
Diederik Jacques ◽  
Navin Twarakavi ◽  
Martinus Genuchten
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Contaminant Transport ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Saturated Media

AbstractA large number of modifications or special modules of the HYDRUS software packages have been developed during the past several years to evaluate the effects of a range of biohydrological processes on subsurface water flow and the transport of various chemicals and contaminants. The objective of this manuscript is to briefly review the different modules that were included, and to present various applications illustrating the effects of biological processes on water flow and solute transport and reactions in variably-saturated media.

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