GRAVITY CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF CURVED SPACETIME, THUS CURVED SPACETIME IS NOT RESPONCIBLE FOR GRAVITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1976-1981
Author(s):  
Casey McMahon
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Curved Spacetime ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Spacetime Curvature ◽  
Equivalence Model ◽  
The Universe

The principle postulate of general relativity appears to be that curved space or curved spacetime is gravitational, in that mass curves the spacetime around it, and that this curved spacetime acts on mass in a manner we call gravity. Here, I use the theory of special relativity to show that curved spacetime can be non-gravitational, by showing that curve-linear space or curved spacetime can be observed without exerting a gravitational force on mass to induce motion- as well as showing gravity can be observed without spacetime curvature. This is done using the principles of special relativity in accordance with Einstein to satisfy the reader, using a gravitational equivalence model. Curved spacetime may appear to affect the apparent relative position and dimensions of a mass, as well as the relative time experienced by a mass, but it does not exert gravitational force (gravity) on mass. Thus, this paper explains why there appears to be more gravity in the universe than mass to account for it, because gravity is not the resultant of the curvature of spacetime on mass, thus the “dark matter” and “dark energy” we are looking for to explain this excess gravity doesn’t exist.

scholarly journals The Uniformly Accelerated Frame as a Test Bed for Analysing the Gravitational Redshift

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Don Koks
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Gravitational Redshift ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Curved Spacetime ◽  
Coordinate Time ◽  
Flat Spacetime ◽  
Spacetime Curvature ◽  
Shed Light

Ever since Eddington’s analysis of the gravitational redshift a century ago, and the arguments in the relativity community that it produced, fine details of the roles of proper time and coordinate time in the redshift remain somewhat obscure. We shed light on these roles by appealing to the physics of the uniformly accelerated frame, in which coordinate time and proper time are well defined and easy to understand; and because that frame exists in flat spacetime, special relativity is sufficient to analyse it. We conclude that Eddington’s analysis was indeed correct—as was the 1980 analysis of his detractors, Earman and Glymour, who (it turns out) were following a different route. We also use the uniformly accelerated frame to pronounce invalid Schild’s old argument for spacetime curvature, which has been reproduced by many authors as a pedagogical introduction to curved spacetime. More generally, because the uniformly accelerated frame simulates a gravitational field, it can play a strong role in discussions of proper and coordinate times in advanced relativity.

scholarly journals One Observer Universe: A Geometric Interpretation of Speed of Light and Mass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Farag Ali
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Geometric Interpretation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
General Covariance ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we investigate how Rindler observer measures the universe in the ADM formalism. We compute his measurements in each slice of the space-time in terms of gravitational red-shift which is a property of general covariance. In this way, we found special relativity preferred frames to match with the general relativity Rindler frame in ADM formalism. This may resolve the widely known incompatibility between special relativity and general relativity on how each theory sees the red-shift. We found a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass.

scholarly journals Modified Gravity and Dark Matter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Abbas ◽  
Nasim Akhtar ◽  
Danish Alam
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Modified Gravity ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gravitational Mass ◽  
Galilei Group ◽  
The Universe

At present there is a renewed interest in theories of ”modified” gravity. Here, under a more drastic modification enforced by Galilei group, we obtain a completely new gravitational structure, and which exists in addition to the already available general relativity of today. Correlated with this, we show that in addition, there is a new ”modified” quantum mechanics, in as much as it exists as an independent and new ”pure” non-relativistic quantum me- chanics, and which has no relativistic counterpart. This is in addition to the present quantum mechanics, where the relativistic and non-relativistic structures are counterparts of each other. The above holds, firstly due to the correlation between Galilei group and quantum mechanics. These math- ematical conclusions are consolidated by the fact that there exists a physical Majorana interaction between each neutron- proton pairs in nuclei. Galilei invariance of Majorana exchange in Majorana interaction, shows that the mass here is of pure gravitational nature, and which is immune to the other three forces. This makes an amazing connection between the gravitational force and the quantum mechanics. This pure gravitational mass would man- ifest itself as dark matter of the universe. It is our new modified gravity that generates the dark matter.

scholarly journals Deformation of the Dirac equation

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Faizal ◽  
Sergey I. Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Stochastic Quantization ◽  
Curved Spacetime ◽  
Doubly Special Relativity

In this paper, we will first clarify the physical meaning of having a minimum measurable time. Then we will combine the deformation of the Dirac equation due to the existence of minimum measurable length and time scales with its deformation due to the doubly special relativity. We will also analyze this deformed Dirac equation in curved spacetime, and observe that this deformation of the Dirac equation also leads to a nontrivial modification of general relativity. Finally, we will analyze the stochastic quantization of this deformed Dirac equation on curved spacetime.

scholarly journals An Observer-inclusive Hypothesis Suggesting a Reduction of the Perceived Universe to String Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Ahissar ◽  
Moshe Fried
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Holographic Principle ◽  
Dynamic Distribution ◽  
Physical Implementation ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Non Locality

Physics and neuroscience share overlapping objectives, the major of which is probably the attempt to reduce the observed universe to a set of rules. The approaches are complementary, attempting to find a reduced description of the universe or of the observer, respectively. We propose here that combining the two approaches within an observer-inclusive physical scheme, bears significant advantages. In such a scheme, the same set of rules applies to the universe and its observers, and the two descriptions are entangled. We show here that analyzing special relativity in an observer-inclusive framework can resolve its contradiction with the observed non-locality of physical interactions. The contradiction is resolved by reducing the universe (including the observer) to a dynamic distribution of closed strings (“ceons”) whose vibration waves travel at c. This ceons model is consistent with special and general relativity, non-locality and the holographic principle; it also eliminates Zeno’s motion paradoxes. Yet, the model entails several new empirical predictions. Finally, the ceons model suggests a fundamental physical implementation of active biological perception. Paraphrasing Torricelli, this paper suggests that we live submerged in a c of light.

SOME CONSEQUENCES OF BORN'S RECIPROCAL RELATIVITY IN PHASE-SPACES

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 3653-3678 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS CASTRO
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Relative Rotation ◽  
General Relativity Theory ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Energy Dependent

We explore some novel consequences of Born's reciprocal relativity theory in flat phase-space and generalize the theory to the curved space–time scenario. We provide, in particular, six specific results resulting from Born's reciprocal relativity and which are not present in special relativity. These are: momentum-dependent time delay in the emission and detection of photons; energy-dependent notion of locality; superluminal behavior; relative rotation of photon trajectories due to the aberration of light; invariance of areas-cells in phase-space and modified dispersion relations. We finalize by constructing a Born reciprocal general relativity theory in curved space–time which requires the introduction of a complex Hermitian metric, torsion and nonmetricity. The latter procedure can be extended to the curved phase-space scenario.

The Weight Reduction of Charged Capacitors, Charge-Mass Interaction, and Einstein's Unification

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1959-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Lo
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Repulsive Force ◽  
Mass Force ◽  
Charge Mass ◽  
Energy Stress ◽  
Current Mass ◽  
Photonic Energy

The Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect consists of two parts: 1) the initial thrust is due to the electric potential that moves the electrons to the positive post; and 2) the subsequent lift is due to the separate concentration of the positive and the negative charges. The weight reduction of a charged capacitor is due to a repulsive charge-mass interaction, which is normally cancelled by the attractive current-mass interaction. In a charged capacitor, some electrons initially moving in the orbits become statically concentrated and thus a net repulsive force is exhibited. Based on observations, it is concluded that a repulsive charge-mass interaction is proportional to the charge density square and diminishes faster than the attractive gravitational force, and that the current-mass force is perpendicular to the current. This charge-mass interaction is crucial to establish the unification of electromagnetism and gravitation. To confirm general relativity further, experimental verification of the details of this mass-charge repulsive force is recommended. Moreover, general relativity implies that the photons must include gravitational energy and this explains that experiments show that the photonic energy is equivalent to mass although the electromagnetic energy-stress tensor is traceless. In general relativity,it is crucial to understandnon-linear mathematics and that the Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solutions. However, due to following Einstein's errors, theorists failed in understanding these and ignored experimental facts on repulsive gravitation. Since the charge-mass interaction occurs in many areas of physics, Einstein's unification is potentially another revolution in physics. Moreover, the existence of a repulsive gravitation implies the necessity of re-justifying anew the speculation of black holes.

WHY MASS APPEARS GRAVITATIONAL

2016 ◽  
pp. 3507-3519
Author(s):  
Mr Casey Ray McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
The Universe

Einsteins theory of General relativity is a popular theory, but unfortunately it cannot account for all the observable gravity in the universe. This paper presents a new force predicted through the McMahon field theory (2010) [1], which is refered to in McMahon field theory (2010) [1] as Mahona (pronounced “Maa-naa”), which appears to be gravitational. In this paper, I draw upon the McMahon field theory (2010) [1], and use it to explain why mass appears gravitational, as well as the source of the excess gravity that General relativity cannot account for. I will do this in simplistic terms for the benefit of the reader. Thus with the understanding presented here, any vechicle utilising this new force called “Mahona” shall have gravitational capability.

Beyond the Schwarzschild Metric

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wittman
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Test Particle ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Relativistic Effects ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
General Relativistic ◽  
The Universe

General relativity explains much more than the spacetime around static spherical masses.We briefly assess general relativity in the larger context of physical theories, then explore various general relativistic effects that have no Newtonian analog. First, source massmotion gives rise to gravitomagnetic effects on test particles.These effects also depend on the velocity of the test particle, which has substantial implications for orbits around black holes to be further explored in Chapter 20. Second, any changes in the sourcemass ripple outward as gravitational waves, and we tell the century‐long story from the prediction of gravitational waves to their first direct detection in 2015. Third, the deflection of light by galaxies and clusters of galaxies allows us to map the amount and distribution of mass in the universe in astonishing detail. Finally, general relativity enables modeling the universe as a whole, and we explore the resulting Big Bang cosmology.

The Equivalence Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wittman
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Gravitational Redshift ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Spacetime Metric

The equivalence principle is an important thinking tool to bootstrap our thinking from the inertial coordinate systems of special relativity to the more complex coordinate systems that must be used in the presence of gravity (general relativity). The equivalence principle posits that at a given event gravity accelerates everything equally, so gravity is equivalent to an accelerating coordinate system.This conjecture is well supported by precise experiments, so we explore the consequences in depth: gravity curves the trajectory of light as it does other projectiles; the effects of gravity disappear in a freely falling laboratory; and gravitymakes time runmore slowly in the basement than in the attic—a gravitational form of time dilation. We show how this is observable via gravitational redshift. Subsequent chapters will build on this to show how the spacetime metric varies with location.

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