Information Transmission with Unequally Likely Alternatives

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Lamb ◽  
Herbert Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Probability Measure ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Subjective Probability ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Transmitted Information

Previous investigators have concluded that the linear relation between reaction time (RT) and transmitted information found for equally likely stimuli (ELA) does not hold for unequally likely stimuli (ULA). However, the possibility still exists that a correspondence can be found by the use of a subjective probability measure. Accordingly, nine Ss were run on a choice-RT task under conditions of both ELA and ULA stimuli. The results for the ELA data confirm previous findings. The results for the ULA data not only do not support the experimental hypothesis but are completely at variance with previous results.

scholarly journals The measure problem in no-collapse (many worlds) quantum mechanics

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1730008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. H. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Probability Measure ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Subjective Probability ◽  
State Vector ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Born Rule ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
Measure Problem

We explain the measure problem (cf. origin of the Born probability rule) in no-collapse quantum mechanics. Everett defined maverick branches of the state vector as those on which the usual Born probability rule fails to hold — these branches exhibit highly improbable behaviors, including possibly the breakdown of decoherence or even the absence of an emergent semi-classical reality. Derivations of the Born rule which originate in decision theory or subjective probability (i.e. the reasoning of individual observers) do not resolve this problem, because they are circular: they assume, a priori, that the observer occupies a non-maverick branch. An ab initio probability measure is sometimes assumed to explain why we do not occupy a maverick branch. This measure is constrained by, e.g. Gleason’s theorem or envariance to be the usual Hilbert measure. However, this ab initio measure ultimately governs the allocation of a self or a consciousness to a particular branch of the wave function, and hence invokes primitives which lie beyond the Everett wave function and beyond what we usually think of as physics. The significance of this leap has been largely overlooked, but requires serious scrutiny.

Changes in spinal excitability during choice reaction time: The H reflex as a probe of information transmission

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Hasbroucq ◽  
Motoyuki Akamatsu ◽  
Boris Burle ◽  
Michel Bonnet ◽  
Camille-Aime Possamai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Spinal Excitability

scholarly journals Symbolic distance: Unfamiliar versus familiar space

Psihologija ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radmila Stojanovic ◽  
Suncica Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Professional Orientation ◽  
Symbolic Distance Effect ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Male Subjects

The symbolic distance effect was investigated using both realistic distances and distances represented on the map. The influence of professional orientation and sex on mental visualization was measured. The results showed that an increase of distance leads to an increase in reaction time. The slope for realistic distances was steeper. Male subjects always had longer reaction times, although the effect differs for the two types of distances. Professional orientation did not play a role. The obtained relation between reaction time and distance is a confirmation of theories proposing that mental representations encompass structure and metric characteristics. The confirmed role of the effect of symbolic distance additionally supports Kosslyn?s theory: there is a linear relation between the time and distance.

scholarly journals Two-year old children preferentially transmit simple actions but not pedagogically demonstrated actions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Bazhydai ◽  
Priya Silverstein ◽  
Eugenio Parise ◽  
Gert Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Preferential Transmission ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Competing Hypotheses

Children are sensitive to both social and non-social aspects of the learning environment. Among social cues, pedagogical communication has been shown to not only play a role in children’s learning, but also in their own active transmission of knowledge. Vredenburgh et al. (2015) showed that 2-year-olds are more likely to demonstrate an action to a naive adult after learning it in a pedagogical than in a non-pedagogical context. This finding was interpreted as evidence that pedagogically transmitted information has a special status as culturally relevant. Here we test the limits of this claim by setting it in contrast with an explanation in which the relevance of information is the outcome of multiple interacting social (e.g., pedagogical demonstration) and non-social properties (e.g., action complexity). To test these competing hypotheses, we varied both pedagogical cues and action complexity in an information transmission paradigm with 2-year-old children. In Experiment 1, children preferentially transmitted simple non-pedagogically demonstrated actions over pedagogically demonstrated more complex actions. In Experiment 2, when both actions were matched for complexity, we found no evidence of preferential transmission of pedagogically demonstrated actions. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between our results and previous literature showing an effect of pedagogical cues on cultural transmission and conclude that our results are compatible with the view that pedagogical and other cues interact, but incompatible with the theory of a privileged role for pedagogical cues.

Choice Reaction Time as a Function of Frequency Differences

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
Frederick F. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Positive Function ◽  
Frequency Difference ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Positive ◽  
Discrimination Level ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Zero Frequency

Sixteen Ss made same-different choice reactions (CRT) to 10 pairs of pure tones differing from 10 to 100 Hz (different) and 6 pairs of zero frequency difference (same). Results indicated that, based on the number of errors, the stimuli represented three different perceptual levels. The first level was assumed to represent items below S's level of discrimination, the second an interaction of discriminability and dissimilarity and the third dissimilarity only. The CRTs for the items below S's discrimination level were lower than items representing an interaction between dissimilarity and discriminability. Thus, items missed most often were reacted to with CRTs less than what would be expected. Rate of information transmission in bits/seconds provided a single positive function of the logarithm of stimulus dissimilarity over the entire range of frequency difference values.

scholarly journals Method of Masking Transmitted Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Pavel Vladimirovich Zakalkin ◽  
Sergei Aleksandrovich Ivanov ◽  
Elena Valer’evna Vershennik ◽  
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kir’yanov
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Hidden Information ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Transmitted Information

The processes of globalization, the emergence and active development of cyberspace have led to the need to protect information transmitted in the framework of information exchange. Existing approaches to information protection, in particular its encryption, steganography, etc. from the point of view of information exchange have a number of unmasking features that, despite the undoubted reliability of these approaches, significantly reduce the secrecy of information transmission. The proposed article considers an approach that allows for the hidden transmission of protected information over open communication channels, by masking the transmitted information. The development of the proposed approach was carried out in stages. at the first stage, a method for masking the transmitted information was developed and patented. At the next stage, on the basis of the developed method, a functional model of client and server applications of the hidden information transmission complex is created. The transfer of masked information is proposed to be carried out using the developed protocol of hidden information transfer. The block diagram of the package of the proposed Protocol for transmitting hidden information, the implementation and use of the Protocol at the application level are presented in this paper. At the final stage, a software implementation of the proposed approach was developed and modeling of information exchange at different offset Windows was performed. the paper presents a functional model of the developed complex, a scheme of interaction of functional modules, and a block diagram of the proposed approach to masking the transmitted information. Increasing the secrecy of information transmission is provided by the procedure for converting a carrier message into a marker message by forming an offset window, as well as using an array of digital records to select the carrier message. The proposed approach allows you to use a smaller carrier message when increasing the window size and using a sliding window depending on the size of the information message, you can choose the optimal size of the carrier message and the offset window.

scholarly journals Organization of data transmission in the developed communication system for implementation in the agro-industrial complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Dmitry Cheremukhin
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Initial Results

This article is devoted to the discussion of the initial results of a research project devoted to the development of a magneto induction communication system, as well as the study of the main goal of the research at the moment: the search for profitable ways to build and transmit data. Based on the above goal, the physical meaning of the proposed method based on the electrohydraulic Yutkin effect was considered, which can be used to retransmit a signal under water between a network of antennas to increase the range of transmitted information. The creation of an experimental network of receiving and transmitting devices with a set of antennas will be the first step towards further research in the field of promising underwater wireless communications for use in the agro-industrial complex (AGP). The information presented in the text is recommended to a narrow circle of specialists, primarily in the field of information transmission, development of modern means of communication.

A Further Test of Hick's Law with Unequally Likely Alternatives

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kaufman ◽  
Robert M. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Hick’S Law

The present study was designed to replicate Lamb and Kaufman's (1965) findings of a relationship between choice reaction time and transmitted information for equally likely (ELA) and unequally likely (ULA) stimulus alternatives. The possible confounding of variability between sessions and between experimental conditions in the Lamb and Kaufman study was eliminated by using a single S in all experimental sessions. Results, in essential agreement with those of the earlier study, suggest strongly that the ELA and ULA conditions are fundamentally different as information sources.

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