scholarly journals Two-year old children preferentially transmit simple actions but not pedagogically demonstrated actions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Bazhydai ◽  
Priya Silverstein ◽  
Eugenio Parise ◽  
Gert Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Preferential Transmission ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Competing Hypotheses

Children are sensitive to both social and non-social aspects of the learning environment. Among social cues, pedagogical communication has been shown to not only play a role in children’s learning, but also in their own active transmission of knowledge. Vredenburgh et al. (2015) showed that 2-year-olds are more likely to demonstrate an action to a naive adult after learning it in a pedagogical than in a non-pedagogical context. This finding was interpreted as evidence that pedagogically transmitted information has a special status as culturally relevant. Here we test the limits of this claim by setting it in contrast with an explanation in which the relevance of information is the outcome of multiple interacting social (e.g., pedagogical demonstration) and non-social properties (e.g., action complexity). To test these competing hypotheses, we varied both pedagogical cues and action complexity in an information transmission paradigm with 2-year-old children. In Experiment 1, children preferentially transmitted simple non-pedagogically demonstrated actions over pedagogically demonstrated more complex actions. In Experiment 2, when both actions were matched for complexity, we found no evidence of preferential transmission of pedagogically demonstrated actions. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between our results and previous literature showing an effect of pedagogical cues on cultural transmission and conclude that our results are compatible with the view that pedagogical and other cues interact, but incompatible with the theory of a privileged role for pedagogical cues.

Information Transmission with Unequally Likely Alternatives

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Lamb ◽  
Herbert Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Probability Measure ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Subjective Probability ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Transmitted Information

Previous investigators have concluded that the linear relation between reaction time (RT) and transmitted information found for equally likely stimuli (ELA) does not hold for unequally likely stimuli (ULA). However, the possibility still exists that a correspondence can be found by the use of a subjective probability measure. Accordingly, nine Ss were run on a choice-RT task under conditions of both ELA and ULA stimuli. The results for the ELA data confirm previous findings. The results for the ULA data not only do not support the experimental hypothesis but are completely at variance with previous results.

Genomic Imprinting and the Cognitive Architecture Mediating Human Culture

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Michael Brown
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
Human Culture

AbstractGenomic imprinting may be implicated in the origin and maintenance of the cognitive architecture required for cultural transmission. Relatedness asymmetries are expected to lead to increases in the receptibility of matrilineally transmitted information. This may help explain why maternal genes contribute preferentially to the neocortex. That is, maternal genes could influence biases in the transmission and/or acquisition of information. This perspective is complementary to gene-culture coevolutionary approaches.

scholarly journals Grandparents and grandchildren in the intergenerational transmission of knowledge, patterns and values

Osvitolohiya ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Habriela Piekhachek-Oherman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Transmission Of Values

According to Mead’s concept, the vision of the world based on the authority of the older generation and patterns provided by grandparents is not valid any longer. At the same time, the elements of post-figurativeness and pre-figurativeness co-occur in the cross-generation cultural transmission. By being born and educated in the environment of older family members, a child acquires knowledge and gets acquainted with the values considered as traditional in the community. On the other hand, seniors’ learning new technology from the young enables being together of grandparents and grandchildren. This enhances talk, transmission of values and experiences as well as getting both generations emotionally and mentally closer. The article deals with the study the findings of which show that the old bring religious, historical and moral values for family life. In this respect, seniority is an important human potential, indispensable in the upbringing of the younger generation. A large part of grandparents' behavior patterns is a reference to the behavior of grandchildren, determining their belonging to a particular group or community. On the other hand, the emergence of new realities of life, the development of new models of lifestyle does not clearly indicate the devaluation of the authority of grandparents.In the research group, grandchildren use the experience, skills and knowledge of the older generation. Moreover, the phenomenon of post-visualization can be found when grandchildren become parents. In turn, training older people by the younger ones mainly occurs regarding practical skills related to using computers, tablets, cameras, smartphones etc. The phenomenon possesses an indispensable educational sense. It enables grandchildren to have time with her grandparents - communicating, transferring values and experience.

scholarly journals Trust and Confidence in Institutions: Religious Beliefs and Educational Attainment

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Daniel Miles ◽  
Maximo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Religious Engagement ◽  
International Social

The main objective of the paper is the analysis of intergenerational or cultural transmission of religious values during adolescence in order to explain interpersonal trust and confidence in institutions in adulthood. Trust and confidence in institutions outcomes are examined using the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2008 Religion III survey. Overall, the results are in line with previous literature: religious intensity and educational attainment are significantly and positively correlated with trust and confidence in institutions. When instrumental variables are used, the results suggest that religious engagement does not significantly explain interpersonal trust though it is significantly related to confidence in institutions.

scholarly journals The Usage of Humour Elements in Instructional Communication and Their Roles in Students' Achievement

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Mohd Ziyad Afiq Mohd Zaharim ◽  
Dr. Nor Azura Adzharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Instructional Communication ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Teaching And Learning Environment ◽  
Paper Review ◽  
Study Type ◽  
The Relationship

Objective- The purpose of this article is to examine the usage of humour elements through the learning process in lectures and how these influence the achievements among university students. Apart from that, this article is tojustifyseveral questions that includes: To examine the humorous elements involved in learning and communication process while attending lectures, to investigate the type of humour and their appropriateness when used for instructional communication, and finally, to examine the relationship between the usage of humour elements and the achievements among higher education students. Methodology/Technique This article is still in the preliminary stage in which the issues discussed are based on previous literature; therefore, this is a conceptual paper based on observations, the preliminary pilot study as well as the analysis of previous findings in relation to the usage of humour in learning environment. The previous literature also covers the insights on the levels, types and level of appropriateness of humour elements that occur during the communication process between students and lecturers in lectures. The analysis also looks into the relationship between elements of humour and the academic achievements among the students. This paper contributes to the understanding about the importance of food allergy awareness among public. Findings - Previous findings indicates that there are positive relationships between humour and 'teaching and learning' environment. However, how far can appropriateness of humour elements contribute to positiveoutcomes are still left unanswered and therefore will be the main focus of this particular study. Type of Paper Review Keywords: Humour, Appropriateness, Effect; Communication process; Instructional.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor control dynamics and cultural biases: learning to move in the right (or left) direction

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 160806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda H. Waterman ◽  
Oscar T. Giles ◽  
Jelena Havelka ◽  
Sumaya Ali ◽  
Peter R. Culmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Sensorimotor System ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Kinematic Measures ◽  
The Right

The nativist hypothesis suggests universal features of human behaviour can be explained by biologically determined cognitive substrates. This nativist account has been challenged recently by evolutionary models showing that the cultural transmission of knowledge can produce behavioural universals. Sensorimotor invariance is a canonical example of a behavioural universal, raising the issue of whether culture can influence not only which skills people acquire but also the development of the sensorimotor system. We tested this hypothesis by exploring whether culture influences the developing sensorimotor system in children. We took kinematic measures of motor control asymmetries in adults and children from differing cultures where writing follows opposite directions. British and Kuwaiti adults ( n  = 69) and first grade (5–6 year old) children ( n  = 140) completed novel rightward and leftward tracing tasks. The Kuwaitis were better when moving their arm leftward while the British showed the opposite bias. Bayesian analysis techniques showed that while children were worse than adults, they also showed asymmetries—with the asymmetry magnitude related to accuracy levels. Our findings support the idea that culture influences the sensorimotor system.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Vote Choice: Social Cues and Social Harmony as Heuristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eelco Harteveld ◽  
Stefan Dahlberg ◽  
Andrej Kokkonen ◽  
Wouter Van Der Brug
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
The Individual

Some parties are more popular among men, while other parties attract more female voters. This article proposes that these differences can be partially explained by two recurring gender differences in the socio-psychological literature. It argues that men’s generally lower sensitivity to social cues makes them more likely to vote for stigmatized and small parties, whereas women’s greater concern with social harmony is expected to make them less likely to vote for extreme parties. The models are tested at the individual and party levels using three waves of Comparative Study of Electoral Systems data from twenty-eight countries. Ceteris paribus, men are more likely than women to vote for parties that are socially stigmatized or ideologically extreme. This has consequences for the current understanding of gender gaps in voting, and reiterates that voting has important social aspects.

scholarly journals Method of Masking Transmitted Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Pavel Vladimirovich Zakalkin ◽  
Sergei Aleksandrovich Ivanov ◽  
Elena Valer’evna Vershennik ◽  
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kir’yanov
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Hidden Information ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Transmitted Information

The processes of globalization, the emergence and active development of cyberspace have led to the need to protect information transmitted in the framework of information exchange. Existing approaches to information protection, in particular its encryption, steganography, etc. from the point of view of information exchange have a number of unmasking features that, despite the undoubted reliability of these approaches, significantly reduce the secrecy of information transmission. The proposed article considers an approach that allows for the hidden transmission of protected information over open communication channels, by masking the transmitted information. The development of the proposed approach was carried out in stages. at the first stage, a method for masking the transmitted information was developed and patented. At the next stage, on the basis of the developed method, a functional model of client and server applications of the hidden information transmission complex is created. The transfer of masked information is proposed to be carried out using the developed protocol of hidden information transfer. The block diagram of the package of the proposed Protocol for transmitting hidden information, the implementation and use of the Protocol at the application level are presented in this paper. At the final stage, a software implementation of the proposed approach was developed and modeling of information exchange at different offset Windows was performed. the paper presents a functional model of the developed complex, a scheme of interaction of functional modules, and a block diagram of the proposed approach to masking the transmitted information. Increasing the secrecy of information transmission is provided by the procedure for converting a carrier message into a marker message by forming an offset window, as well as using an array of digital records to select the carrier message. The proposed approach allows you to use a smaller carrier message when increasing the window size and using a sliding window depending on the size of the information message, you can choose the optimal size of the carrier message and the offset window.

scholarly journals Organization of data transmission in the developed communication system for implementation in the agro-industrial complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Dmitry Cheremukhin
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Transmitted Information ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Initial Results

This article is devoted to the discussion of the initial results of a research project devoted to the development of a magneto induction communication system, as well as the study of the main goal of the research at the moment: the search for profitable ways to build and transmit data. Based on the above goal, the physical meaning of the proposed method based on the electrohydraulic Yutkin effect was considered, which can be used to retransmit a signal under water between a network of antennas to increase the range of transmitted information. The creation of an experimental network of receiving and transmitting devices with a set of antennas will be the first step towards further research in the field of promising underwater wireless communications for use in the agro-industrial complex (AGP). The information presented in the text is recommended to a narrow circle of specialists, primarily in the field of information transmission, development of modern means of communication.

scholarly journals Transmission fidelity is the key to the build-up of cumulative culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1599) ◽  
pp. 2171-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Lewis ◽  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Over Time

Many animals have socially transmitted behavioural traditions, but human culture appears unique in that it is cumulative, i.e. human cultural traits increase in diversity and complexity over time. It is often suggested that high-fidelity cultural transmission is necessary for cumulative culture to occur through refinement, a process known as ‘ratcheting’, but this hypothesis has never been formally evaluated. We discuss processes of information transmission and loss of traits from a cognitive viewpoint alongside other cultural processes of novel invention (generation of entirely new traits), modification (refinement of existing traits) and combination (bringing together two established traits to generate a new trait). We develop a simple cultural transmission model that does not assume major evolutionary changes (e.g. in brain architecture) and show that small changes in the fidelity with which information is passed between individuals can lead to cumulative culture. In comparison, modification and combination have a lesser influence on, and novel invention appears unimportant to, the ratcheting process. Our findings support the idea that high-fidelity transmission is the key driver of human cumulative culture, and that progress in cumulative culture depends more on trait combination than novel invention or trait modification.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document