An Experimental Approach to the Psychology of Form Creation

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Holt-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Perceptual Psychology

This paper describes a series of experiments concerned with form creation. 48 Ss were individually requested to place 3 unpainted wooden bars on a black surface measuring 50 by 50 cm, so that the figure formed appeared to S to possess the maximum degree of beauty. An analysis of the patterns and statements by Ss suggest three working methods: (1) 24 Ss created their forms under the influence of an experience of dynamic forces, movement, etc., (2) 11 Ss created their forms under the influence of ideals, ideas, and fantasies, and (3) 13 Ss created their forms influenced by a combination of experience of forces, movement, etc., as well as by ideals, ideas and fantasies. The 48 forms were classified as groups of more or less similar shape or structure. The judged beauty of the form appears to depend on the angle of observation. One group experienced their forms as having maximum beauty at all angles, another group at one angle only, while a third group mentioned at several—two or more—angles. Relating qualities of Ss, called creative and other qualities of Ss, especially those of interest to the perceptual psychology was attempted. Use of such knowledge may be of value in teaching.

scholarly journals An experimental approach to the fundamental principles of hemodynamics

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pontiga ◽  
Susana P. Gaytán
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
The Relationship

An experimental model has been developed to give students hands-on experience with the fundamental laws of hemodynamics. The proposed experimental setup is of simple construction but permits the precise measurements of physical variables involved in the experience. The model consists in a series of experiments where different basic phenomena are quantitatively investigated, such as the pressure drop in a long straight vessel and in an obstructed vessel, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, the association of vessels in vascular networks, or the generation of a critical stenosis. Through these experiments, students acquire a direct appreciation of the importance of the parameters involved in the relationship between pressure and flow rate, thus facilitating the comprehension of more complex problems in hemodynamics.

Use of Rank Correlation Methods to Determine Food Preferences

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jowett
Keyword(s):  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Correlation Techniques

SUMMARYCertain statistical techniques, useful in collecting and interpreting ordinal data, are described and their applicability in plant breeding explained. It is suggested that these statistical techniques may be particularly valuable to plant breeders in determining taste Preferences. A series of experiments are described, investigating the taste Preferences of the Itero of Uganda, who show a strong preference for a mixture of cassava, sorghum and Eleusine millet for food. They do not apparently prefer white sorghum grains for food, nor coloured grains for beer, although such Preferences have been recorded elsewhere. They dislike maize and Pennisetum millet. It is suggested that an experimental approach to quality in the breeding of tropical food crops is both desirable and possible, using rank correlation techniques.

Use of Rank Correlation Methods to Determine Food Preferences

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jowett
Keyword(s):  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Correlation Techniques

SUMMARYCertain statistical techniques, useful in collecting and interpreting ordinal data, are described and their applicability in plant breeding explained. It is suggested that these statistical techniques may be particularly valuable to plant breeders in determining taste Preferences. A series of experiments are described, investigating the taste Preferences of the Itero of Uganda, who show a strong preference for a mixture of cassava, sorghum and Eleusine millet for food. They do not apparently prefer white sorghum grains for food, nor coloured grains for beer, although such Preferences have been recorded elsewhere. They dislike maize and Pennisetum millet. It is suggested that an experimental approach to quality in the breeding of tropical food crops is both desirable and possible, using rank correlation techniques.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

Experimental Determination of the Effective Resolution Limit in Thick Specimens at High Voltages

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
Mircea Fotino
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Resolution Level

The use of thick specimens (0.5 μm to 5.0 μm or more) is one of the most resourceful applications of high-voltage electron microscopy in biological research. However, the energy loss experienced by the electron beam in the specimen results in chromatic aberration and thus in a deterioration of the effective resolving power. This sets a limit to the maximum usable specimen thickness when investigating structures requiring a certain resolution level.An experimental approach is here described in which the deterioration of the resolving power as a function of specimen thickness is determined. In a manner similar to the Rayleigh criterion in which two image points are considered resolved at the resolution limit when their profiles overlap such that the minimum of one coincides with the maximum of the other, the resolution attainable in thick sections can be measured by the distance from minimum to maximum (or, equivalently, from 10% to 90% maximum) of the broadened profile of a well-defined step-like object placed on the specimen.

Slip traces caused by plastic deformation during recrystallization of thin metal sheets

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
D. P. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Metal Sheets ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Slip Traces ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Individual Grains

During a study of mechanical properties of recrystallized B-free Ni3Al single crystals, regularly spaced parallel traces within individual grains were discovered on the surfaces of thin recrystallized sheets, see Fig. 1. They appeared to be slip traces, but since we could not find similar observations in the literature, a series of experiments was performed to identify them. We will refer to them “traces”, because they contain some, if not all, of the properties of slip traces. A variety of techniques, including the Electron Backscattering Pattern (EBSP) method, was used to ascertain the composition, geometry, and crystallography of these traces. The effect of sample thickness on their formation was also investigated.In summary, these traces on the surface of recrystallized Ni3Al have the following properties:1.The chemistry and crystallographic orientation of the traces are the same as the bulk. No oxides or other second phases were observed.2.The traces are not grooves caused by thermal etching at previous locations of grain boundaries.3.The traces form after recrystallization (because the starting Ni3Al is a single crystal).4.For thicknesses between 50 μm and 720 μm, the density of the traces increases as the sample thickness decreases. Only one set of “protrusion-like” traces is visible in a given grain on the thicker samples, but multiple sets of “cliff-like” traces are visible on the thinner ones (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).5.They are linear and parallel to the traces of {111} planes on the surface, see Fig. 3.6.Some of the traces terminate within the interior of the grains, and the rest of them either terminate at or are continuous across grain boundaries. The portion of latter increases with decreasing thickness.7.The grain size decreases with decreasing thickness, the decrease is more pronounced when the grain size is comparable with the thickness, Fig. 4.8.Traces also formed during the recrystallization of cold-rolled polycrystalline Cu thin sheets, Fig. 5.

Dissection of the molecular mechanisms of protein targeting to the peroxisome using immunofluorescence and immunocryoelectron microscopies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
G-A. Keller ◽  
S. J. Gould ◽  
S. Subramani ◽  
S. Krisans
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Targeting ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Peroxisomal Enzyme ◽  
Transfected Cells ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting Signal

Subcellular compartments within eukaryotic cells must each be supplied with unique sets of proteins that must be directed to, and translocated across one or more membranes of the target organelles. This transport is mediated by cis- acting targeting signals present within the imported proteins. The following is a chronological account of a series of experiments designed and carried out in an effort to understand how proteins are targeted to the peroxisomal compartment.-We demonstrated by immunocryoelectron microscopy that the enzyme luciferase is a peroxisomal enzyme in the firefly lantern. -We expressed the cDNA encoding firefly luciferase in mammalian cells and demonstrated by immunofluorescence that the enzyme was transported into the peroxisomes of the transfected cells. -Using deletions, linker insertions, and gene fusion to identify regions of luciferase involved in its transport to the peroxisomes, we demonstrated that luciferase contains a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) within its COOH-terminal twelve amino acid.

Effect of furnace atmosphere and silica content on the consolidation behaviour of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1056-1057
Author(s):  
J. Drennan ◽  
R.H.J. Hannink ◽  
D.R. Clarke ◽  
T.M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Furnace Atmosphere ◽  
Boundary Phase ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscope ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Compositional Gradients ◽  
Mobile Liquid

Magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics are renowned for their excellent nechanical properties. These are effected by processing conditions and purity of starting materials. It has been previously shown that small additions of strontia (SrO) have the effect of removing the major contaminant, silica (SiO2).The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood but the strontia appears to form a very mobile liquid phase at the grain boundaries. As the sintering reaches the final stages the liquid phase is expelled to the surface of the ceramic. A series of experiments, to examine the behaviour of the liquid grain boundary phase, were designed to produce compositional gradients across the ceramic bodies. To achieve this, changes in both silica content and furnace atmosphere were implemented. Analytical electron microscope techniques were used to monitor the form and composition of the phases developed. This paper describes the results of our investigation and the presentation will discuss the work with reference to liquid phase sintering of ceramics in general.

Malfunctional Reorganization in the Developing Limbo-Prefrontal System in Animals: Implications for Human Psychoses?

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt ◽  
Ralf R. Dawirs
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Activity Dependent

Abstract: Neuroplasticity research in connection with mental disorders has recently bridged the gap between basic neurobiology and applied neuropsychology. A non-invasive method in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculus) - the restricted versus enriched breading and the systemically applied single methamphetamine dose - offers an experimental approach to investigate psychoses. Acts of intervening affirm an activity dependent malfunctional reorganization in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and reveal the dopamine position as being critical for the disruption of interactions between the areas concerned. From the extent of plasticity effects the probability and risk of psycho-cognitive development may be derived. Advance may be expected from insights into regulatory mechanisms of neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus which is obviously to meet the necessary requirements to promote psycho-cognitive functions/malfunctions via the limbo-prefrontal circuit.

Nonconscious Activation of Achievement Goals

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Engeser
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Goal Priming ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Research Questions

In a series of experiments, Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, and Trötschel (2001) documented that achievement goals can be activated outside of awareness and can then operate nonconsciously in order to guide self-regulated behavior effectively. In three experiments (N = 69, N = 71, N = 56), two potential moderators of the achievement goal priming effect were explored. All three experiments showed small but consistent effects of the nonconscious activation of the achievement goal, though word class did not moderate the priming effect. There was no support for the hypothesis that the explicit achievement motive moderates the priming effect. Implications are addressed in the light of other recent studies in this domain and further research questions are outlined.

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