Instructional Control of Sleep Reduction

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith O. Noles ◽  
Leonard H. Epstein ◽  
H. Tate Jones
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Instructional Control ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Changing Criterion ◽  
Changing Criterion Design

Nightly sleep of 8 college students was gradually reduced from baseline levels by instructions implemented in a multiple baseline, changing criterion design. The reduction phases were 5%, 15%, and 30% decreases. Performance, academic, and sleepiness measures were collected. Consistent reductions occurred for all subjects from mean daily sleep times of 7.71 to 6.20 hr. per night, a 20% decrease. No negative side-effects were observed and subjects reported they enjoyed the additional free time afforded by reducing their sleep.

Modifying Bedtime Disruptions in Children using Stimulus Control and Contingency Management Techniques

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Sanders ◽  
Bill Bor ◽  
Mark Dadds
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Negative Side Effects

The present study examined the effect of a bedtime management programme which incorporated both stimulus control and contingency management procedures on the level of bedtime disruption in children. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design each of four children (ranging in age from 2–5 years) were sequentially introduced to the treatment program, which was implemented by the child's parents each night. In addition the study sought to determine whether direct treatment of bedtime disruption would be associated with any negative side effects. Systematic observational data revealed that the Bedtime Management Program was effective in reducing bedtime disruptions in all subjects and the improvements sustained during a 2-month follow-up. No evidence suggests that treatment resulted in negative side effects. The implications of the results for behavioural parent training are discussed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Smartphone terhadap Nilai Akademik Mahasiswa

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Naova Maria
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Academic Values ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Positive Side Effects

Advances in technology are now starting to lead to mobile-based technologies. Thus, the use of smartphones is increasingly favored by public, especially college students that are discussed in this study. Effects of smartphones use is discussed emergingly in which many studies state that smartphone brings negative side effects as well as positive side effects. Therefore, this study will discuss the side effects of smartphone use among college students towards academic values obtained in the course (GPA) in order to determine whether smartphone use brings influence on students' academic value or not.

scholarly journals Acceptance and Intake of COVID-19 Vaccines among Older Germans

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Erich Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
Negative Side Effects

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.

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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
health not provided
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Promote Weight Loss ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Official Site ◽  
Diet Pills ◽  
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Essential CBD Extract Gummies [Australia] AU Reviews – Hidden Negative Side Effects Or Real Benefits? v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hengstla not provided
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
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scholarly journals A Multi-Objective Approach to Mitigate Negative Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Saisubramanian ◽  
Ece Kamar ◽  
Shlomo Zilberstein
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact

Agents operating in unstructured environments often create negative side effects (NSE) that may not be easy to identify at design time. We examine how various forms of human feedback or autonomous exploration can be used to learn a penalty function associated with NSE during system deployment. We formulate the problem of mitigating the impact of NSE as a multi-objective Markov decision process with lexicographic reward preferences and slack. The slack denotes the maximum deviation from an optimal policy with respect to the agent's primary objective allowed in order to mitigate NSE as a secondary objective. Empirical evaluation of our approach shows that the proposed framework can successfully mitigate NSE and that different feedback mechanisms introduce different biases, which influence the identification of NSE.

Metaphor and (Dis)belief

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gaakeer
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Legal Rule ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Professional Needs ◽  
Belief Perseverance ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

In chapter 7 the importance of insight into how metaphor works in law (“seeing resemblance” according to Ricoeur) is elaborated upon in relation to the legal professional’s development of practical wisdom. The chapter discusses how metaphoric insight is both cognitive and perceptual. It argues that the professional needs to develop his or her legal imagination to be able to perceive similarity in what is initially thought of as dissimilarity to bridge the gap between the generality of the legal rule and the particularity of the individual situation in the case at hand. The chapter also connects the topic of metaphor to an understanding the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and its negative side-effects such as the confirmation bias and belief perseverance as the obverse phenomena of what Coleridge called poetic faith, i.e. the ability to comprehend contraries and to deal with uncertainties before jumping to conclusions.

Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Teles ◽  
Pekka Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

Therapeutic issues

2019 ◽  
pp. 993-1040
Author(s):  
David Semple ◽  
Roger Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
In Pregnancy

This chapter covers therapeutic issues in psychiatry, from medication adherence, off-label prescribing and associated legal considerations, negative side effects such as weight gain and sexual dysfunction in different forms of psychiatric medicines, potential interactions or contraindications for prescribing, and specific side effects. Special prescribing cases, such as psychiatric medicine in pregnancy and breastfeeding patients or those with heart, liver, or kidney disease, are explained.

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