Visual-Motor Organization: Differences between and within Individuals

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Notterman ◽  
Daniel R. Tufano ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Hrapsky
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Active Intervention ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Psychomotor Tasks ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Visual Motor

The research described in this monograph uses control theory's pursuit-tracking paradigm of voluntary movement to identify several elementary psychomotor tasks. They are simple to administer and tap increasingly complex, nonverbal cognitive or perceptual attributes. Two series of experiments are reported. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that dissimilar arrays of individual differences, as determined through test-retest correlations, may exist among the same subjects: first, across various static and dynamic visual and motor “tasks” selected from the terms of control theory's tracking equations and, second, in the organization of these tasks as represented by pursuit tracking. The hypothesis could not be rejected. Study 2 determined that test-retest individual differences in visual-motor organization not only persisted in the absence of practice, but that they also withstood active intervention by practice. This study also showed that subjects differ reliably in their ability to plan, i.e., to take advantage of coherence in visual-motor information.

Driving and dish-washing: Failure of the correspondence metaphor for memory

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
Keith S. Karn ◽  
Gregory J. Zelinsky
Keyword(s):  
Motor Tasks ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Past Event ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Natural Tasks ◽  
Coupled Memory

AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith restrict their definition of memory to “being about some past event,” which causes them to ignore the most common use of memory: everyday visual-motor tasks. New techniques make it possible to study memory in the context of these natural tasks with which memory is so tightly coupled. Memory can be more fully understood in the context of these actions.

Controlled Exertion of Force by Developmentally Delayed Young Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-497
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagasawa ◽  
Shinichi Demura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Movement Function

Present purposes were to examine the characteristics of controlled force exertion in 28 developmentally delayed young people (14 men, 14 women), and sex differences compared to 28 normal young students (14 men, 14 women). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values displayed in a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The total sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter for the test. The controlled force exertion was significantly poorer for the developmentally delayed group than for controls, and there were large individual differences. The developmentally delayed men scored poorer than women in coordination. Like the controls, the means between trials did not decrease significantly. For these developmentally delayed subjects, performance did not improve after only a few trials. The controlled force-exertion test is useful as a voluntary movement-function test for developmentally delayed subjects.

Childhood Chronic Illness and Visual Motor Perceptual Development

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde W. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Early Reading ◽  
Reading Difficulty ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Childhood Chronic Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Visual Motor

The visual motor perceptual development of 47 second grade children having a history of chronic illness was investigated. Relationships between factors associated with the chronic illness and visual perceptual development are cited and discussed. The results suggest that children having a history of chronic illness perform significantly below expected levels on visual motor tasks and experience early reading difficulty.

scholarly journals A-12 Differential Effects of Symptom Clusters at Baseline on Cognitive Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-608
Author(s):  
A Datoc ◽  
L Issac ◽  
R Bennett ◽  
L Lashley
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Archival Database ◽  
Composite Scores

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of self-reported affective, sleep, and vestibular-somatic symptomatology on cognitive performance at baseline as measured by ImPACT. Method Participants were selected from a de-identified archival database of high school athletes aged 13–18. Symptom clusters included affective (N = 435, 61.7% female, Mage = 15.46), sleep (N = 435, 53.8% female, Mage = 15.49), and vestibular-somatic (N = 435, 52.2% male, Mage = 15.31). Three One-Way ANOVAs compared baseline composite scores between athletes who reported varying levels of symptomatology within each symptom cluster. Athletes were divided into groups based on their reported symptoms: None (n = 145), Mild (n = 145), and Moderate/Severe (n = 145). Significance was found at p = 0.01. Results No significant relationship between self-reported affective or sleep symptomatology and cognitive performance was observed. A significant relationship was shown between self-reported vestibular-somatic symptomatology regarding the Visual-Motor composite [F (2,432) = 5.925, p = .003]. Bonferroni pairwise comparisons revealed athletes with no reported vestibular-somatic symptoms performed significantly better on Visual-Motor tasks than those with Mild and Moderate/Severe symptoms. Conclusions These results may assist in the understanding of the influence of symptoms reported by athletes’ post-concussion. While those with varying levels of vestibular-somatic symptomatology were found to have significantly different performance on Visual-Motor tasks, this cluster of symptoms was not found to impact other domains of cognitive functioning. The influence of symptoms on cognitive performance likely varies between individual athletes, which can have implications on return-to-play decisions. This highlights the critical need for an individualized approach to be utilized when evaluating athletes post-concussion considering the current literature to date.

Perception of Slope and Distance in Photographs and in the Real World

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Davies ◽  
J Howes ◽  
J Huber ◽  
J Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Real World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
The Real ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Natural Slopes

We report a series of experiments in which spatial judgments of the real world were compared with equivalent judgments of photographs of the real-world scenes. In experiment 1, subjects judged the angle from the horizontal of natural slopes. Judgments of slope correlated with true slope (r=0.88) but judgments were in general overestimates. Equivalent judgments of slope in photographs again correlated with true slope (r=0.91) but judgments tended to be overestimates for small angles (6°) and underestimates for larger angles (up to 25°). In experiment 2 slope judgments were made under laboratory conditions rather than in the natural world. The slopes, which were viewed monocularly, varied from 5° – 45°, and were either plain, or textured, or included perspective information (a rectangle drawn on the surface) or had both texture and perspective. Judgments were overestimates, but the correlation with true slope was high (r=0.97). Slopes with either texture or perspective were judged more accurately than plain slopes, but combining texture and perspective information conferred no further benefit. Judgment of the angle of the same slopes in photographs produced similar results, but the degree of overestimation (closer to the vertical) was greater than for the real slopes. In experiment 3, subjects either judged the distance of landmarks ranging from 200 m to 5000 m from the observation point, or judged distance to the landmarks in photographs. In both cases subjects' judgments were well described by a power function with exponents close to one. Although there are large individual differences, subjects' judgments of slope and distance are accurate to a scale factor, and photographs yield similar judgments to real scenes.

Individual Differences in Skilled Performance following Imagery of Bilateral Skill

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Turner ◽  
Robert M. Kohl ◽  
Larry W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Better Than

The present study examined individual differences related to imagery about bilateral skill. 100 males were pretested on the Betts and Gordon scales for competency of imagery and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (to assess introversion-extraversion), and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Experimental subjects were given 15 30-sec. sessions performing rotary pursuit, 5 min. rest, and 15 30-sec. trials with the non-dominant hand. Controls received identical treatment but recited the multiplication table instead of generating mental imagery. As expected, skill imagery facilitated bilateral transfer of pursuit tracking. Limited support for competency in generating imagery as a prerequisite for effective imagery of one skill was given only to the extent that subjects who could control imagery, practiced mental imagery, and were given 10 to 15 physical practice trials, performed better than those with less control. Contrary to prediction, there was no evidence of personality effects either in correlations of personality scores with performance or in a post hoc analysis of variance in which subjects were assigned to treatment versus control and extravert versus introvert groups.

Influence of hyperventilation on performance and fMRI data in visual-motor tasks: Preliminary results

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kustubayeva ◽  
V. Vorobyev ◽  
S. Veser ◽  
T. Laine ◽  
H. Hamalainen
Keyword(s):  
Fmri Data ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Visual Motor

Relationship between Perception (Input) and Execution (Output)

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Friedrich ◽  
Gerald B. Fuller ◽  
William F. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Block Design Subtest

15 brain-damaged and 9 non-brain-damaged retarded Ss were given the following visual-motor tasks: (a) the WISC Block Design subtest, (b) the WISC Block Design multiple-choice procedure presented by Birch and his associates, and (c) the MPD circle-diamond figures, incorporating pencil and block procedures. A combination of the Block Design subtest and the circle-diamond figures was successful in indicating Ss with execution (motor) or integrative dysfunctions. The multiple-choice procedure proved invalid as a technique for differentiating Ss with executive or integrative dysfunctions from Ss with visual perceptual difficulties. The results argue against the commonly held notion that perception is a unitary process. Rather, the findings suggest that failures on visual-motor tasks by mentally retarded Ss result primarily from faulty executive or integrative components.

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