Effect of Sex, Inferred Sex-Role and Occupational Sex-Linkage on Perceptions of Occupational Success

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Occupational Success ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Male Subjects

In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 (subject's sex, stimulus-person's sex, stimulus-person's sex-role as inferred from sex-related clothing, and stimulus-person's sex-linked occupation) complete factorial between-subjects experiment, 120 female and 120 male subjects viewed a slide of either a male or female stimulus-person wearing either masculine or feminine clothing. Stimulus persons were also said to be employed in either a masculine, feminine, or sex-neutral occupation. Subjects then recorded their first impressions of the stimulus-person on a person-perception questionnaire. Analysis indicated that persons wearing masculine clothing were perceived as more successful in their occupations than persons wearing feminine clothing for both the masculine and feminine (business) occupations. No differences were found for persons in the sex-neutral occupation. Additional analyses are discussed and conclusions drawn regarding the effect of clothing in sex-role stereotyping in first-impression situations.

ADDITIVITY OF CLOTHING CUES IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharron J. Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Theory Of Information

The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear compilation of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of th e research and avenues for future research are explored.

Inferential Sets and Person Perception: A Partial Replication and Extension

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mc Call ◽  
Gordon Rae
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Male Stimulus ◽  
Adjective Pair ◽  
Two Independent Variables

203 female Ss read a short case-study and a group of related questions. They were then required to complete a 12 adjective-pair semantic differential indicating their dispositional judgments of the stimulus person in the narrative. Two independent variables were manipulated, the sex of the stimulus person and the group of questions asked. One group of questions was intended to induce a situation-matching set and the other a causal-genetic set. Ss in the situation-matching group rated the male stimulus person more hard ( p < .05), more bold ( p < .01), and less emotional ( p < .05) than Ss in the causal-genetic group. In the case of the female stimulus person Ss in the situation-matching group perceived her as more bold ( p < .05). Differences due to sex alone were found only for the situation-matching groups who perceived the female stimulus person as less hard ( p < .05) and less rugged ( p < .01) than the male.

EFFECTS OF RACE AND SEX UPON THE ATTRIBUTIONS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Corenblum
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Job Choice ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Male and female subjects rated an individual described as either male or female, white or native Indian who chose an upwardly or downwardly mobile occupation (teacher or store clerk). Previous research on sex role stereotyping suggests that males, but not necessarily females, anticipate female underachievement and failure. This finding was supported on a number of dependent variables. For example. female characters were rated as more expressive in their behavior but less likely to succeed at their occupation than male characters, and male subjects were more surprised at the male, but not the female, character's choice of a downwardly mobile career. The present study also found a number of changes in traditional sex roles, particularly for female subjects. These subjects were surprised at the job choice of the downwardly mobile female, and rated the character as weak and lazy, but rated the upwardly mobile female as strong and ambitious. Contrary to attribution theory, race of the character did not interact with either sex or occupation. This finding is consistent, however, with other results which suggest that race may be less important than occupational status or sexual gender in trait attributions to stimulus characters.

Effect of Female-Linked Job Titles on Job Evaluation Ratings

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Job Evaluation ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Linkage Effects

In this study an experiment was performed to test whether sex role stereotyping evoked through female-linked job titles might influence job evaluation ratings. One hundred and ten subjects who had received training in job evaluation procedures rated two jobs on nine factors commonly used in job evaluation plans. For one half of the subjects the job titles for the two jobs were changed to reflect a female sex linkage. The results indicate that one of the two jobs with a femalelinked job title received 5.6% fewer total points. A key finding was that, in comparison to the sex-linkage effects, a large proportion of variance in ratings reflected between job differences. Where bias occurred, however, it appeared to be based on job contentfactors (effort and responsibility required) rather than skill or human capital (education and experience)factors. Potential implications for managers as well as limitations of the research are discussed. Suggestions for future research are also noted.

THE EFFECTS OF SEX-TYPED TRAIT DESCRIPTIONS ON JUDGMENTS OF LIKEABLENESS

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Korabik
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
Masculine Role ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

The present study attempted to specify some of the conditions in which the use of sex-typed trait description would influence ratings of likeableness. Ninety male and 90 female subjects evaluated descriptions of stimulus persons varying in gender and sex role orientation. Female subjects rated masculine role descriptions less favorably than feminine or androgynous descriptions regardless of the gender ascribed to the stimulus person. Male subjects' judgments were influenced by the appropriateness of the gender of the stimulus person to the sex role of the description. Researchers should be aware that trait descriptions may have subtle sex role connotations which will influence subjects' judgments.

Reading a Smiling Face: Messages Conveyed by Various Forms of Smiling

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1111-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Otta ◽  
Fabiana Follador E Abrosio ◽  
Rachel Leneberg Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
Neutral Face

This study investigated the effect of various forms of smiling (closed smile, upper smile, or broad smile) on person perception. Brazilian undergraduates ( N = 330) judged a photograph of a male or female stimulus person in three age ranges (young, middle-aged, and old) and smiling or not. 7–point scales were used to measure respondents' perception of the stimulus persons on various attributes (attractiveness, happiness, extroversion, sympathy, kindness, submission, ambition, and intelligence). We found that a smile enhanced attractiveness and kindness ratings independently of its form, whereas the influence of the various forms on ratings of happiness was additive. As the neutral face changed to a closed smile and the closed smile became a broad smile, target stimuli were attributed greater rated happiness. We also found a contribution of perceivers' gender to the judgements of extroversion and sympathy, indicating a slightly greater discrimination of facial expressions among women than among men.

Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia

1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne L. Chambless ◽  
Jeanne Mason
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping

Attitudinal Barriers and Strategies for Overcoming Them

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 290-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Disability Benefit ◽  
Assertiveness Training ◽  
Employer Attitudes ◽  
Attitudinal Barriers ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Visually Impaired Persons ◽  
To Receive

Women and disabled persons are both stigmatized by today's culture. In the general population, 58 percent of females are in the labor force; among blind or visually impaired persons, only 29 percent of females are employed or looking for work. One factor in this situation is the disincentive to work built into the disability benefit programs, although women are apt to receive a lower level of benefits than men. Other factors are employer attitudes toward blindness, and sex-role stereotyping. Major strategies for overcoming barriers include timely and accurate vocational preparation, assertiveness training, and support networks.

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