Performance on Two Attention Tasks as a Function of Sex and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra L. Palmer ◽  
Trisha Folds-Bennett
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Competitive Condition ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Noncompetitive Condition ◽  
Performance Comparisons

Effects of sex and competition on receptive attention and Stroop task performance of 59 college students were investigated. 33 participants in a competitive condition were informed that performance would be ranked by sex; 36 in a noncompetitive condition were given no information regarding competition. Consistent with previous research, no significant main effects or interactions were found for scores on the receptive attention task. Contrary to previous findings, though, the Stroop task also yielded no significant main effects; however, a significant interaction was found. Men experienced more interference in the competitive condition, whereas women showed no significant effects of competition. Women did experience more interference than men in the Noncompetitive condition. Conclusions suggest that men may be more sensitive to sex-based performance comparisons.

Relation of Name Frequency to the Perception of Social Class in Given Names

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

In a study of the relationship between name frequency and perceived social class, 116 college students rated the perceived social class of a list of either 60 male names or 60 female names. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, or rare names. An analysis of variance indicated significant main effects of sex of name and frequency of name as well as a significant interaction between those two variables. The respondents rated the men's names as higher in social class than the women's names. Post hoc comparisons indicated that rare names of either sex were rated as lower in class status than were common, less common, or dated names. While dated women's names were rated lower than were common and less common women's names, dated men's names were not adversely affected in a comparison with common or less common men's names.

Effect of White Noise on Attention as a Function of Manifest Anxiety

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Basow
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Skin Potential ◽  
Lasting Effect ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Attentional Performance ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

The effect of white noise on attention-task performance was examined as a function of the manifest-anxiety level of 30 male undergraduates with concurrent physiological recordings made. Noise interacted with manifest anxiety on two of the four attention tasks such that Ss low in anxiety improved with noise while moderately anxious Ss deteriorated with noise and highly anxious Ss remained the same. Noise had no lasting effect on heart race, skin potential, or attentional performance in general, leading to the conclusion that noise may function either as a distractor or as a behavioral arouser. Some support was gained for the inverted-U hypothesis relating arousal to performance.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VISUAL ATTENTION TASKS ON OBSTACLE CROSSING IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 1550059 ◽  
Author(s):  
On-Yee Lo ◽  
Li-Shan Chou
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Task Condition ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Dual Task Condition ◽  
Obstacle Crossing ◽  
Attention Tasks

Dual-task obstacle crossing gait paradigms are commonly adopted to examine how attentional demands are associated with sensory-motor processing during obstacle crossing. Various attention tasks have been used with mixed findings. This raises a question whether and how different attention tasks would affect motor function differently. Therefore, we examined and compared the effects of two visual attention tasks on obstacle crossing in healthy young adults. In the first experiment, 10 young adults responded to a 200[Formula: see text]ms visuospatial attention task during the approaching phase of obstacle crossing. In the second experiment, another 10 young adults responded to a visual Stroop task while approaching and crossing an obstacle. In both experiments, subjects completed an obstacle crossing only, a visual attention only, or a dual-task obstacle crossing condition in a random order. Dual-task costs were calculated for each visual attention task on the accuracy rates, toe-obstacle clearances and gait velocities. Two tripping incidences occurred only in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task. Trailing toe-obstacle clearance reduced in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task, but toe-obstacle clearances of both limbs increased in the dual-task condition with Stroop task. Gait velocities were not affected by the visuospatial attention task but were significantly reduced when concurrently performing the Stroop task. Dual-task costs were significantly different between two experiments on the gait velocity and toe clearances, but not on the accuracy rate. Our findings demonstrated that different visual attention tasks lead to distinct modifications on obstacle crossing behaviors.

How to Avoid Stereotypes? Evaluation of a Strategy based on Self-Regulatory Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Aranda ◽  
Beatriz Montes-Berges
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Goal Activation ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractBased on research on the motivational processes involved in preventing and controlling stereotypes, we aimed to assess whether temporary activation of egalitarian goals – by means of a task that gives respondents exposure to a text on gender inequality – can prevent stereotyped answers on the task. The task asks participants to place women and men into a hierarchical organizational structure. Two specific objectives were established: first, to control the effect of prejudice and egalitarian commitment on the dependent variable; and second, to study gender differences in task responses. The study included 474 college students, 153 men and 321 women. Their mean age was 20.04 (SD = 4.43). ANCOVA indicated main effects of condition, F(1) = 4.15, p = .042, η2 = .081 (control condition without goal activation vs. experimental condition with goal activation) and sex, F(1) = 40.46, p < .001, η2 = .081, on the dependent variable (female candidates placed in the chart). Specifically, responses from participants in the experimental condition avoided stereotyped answers more than participants in the control condition. Furthermore, women’s performance on the task was more egalitarian than men’s. Finally, there was a significant interaction effect of condition and type of organization, F(2) = 3.97, p = .019, η2 = .017; participants assigning candidates to the feminized organization differed the most across conditions.

Cardiovasculaire adaptiviteit aan de verrichting van aandachts-taken bij kinderen met contact- en communicatieproblemen

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
M. Althaus ◽  
C.C. Aarnoudse ◽  
L.J.M. Mulder ◽  
G. Mulder ◽  
R.B. Minderaa
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Dsm Iv

SummaryA psychofysiological study of the cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding reaction time tasks demonstrated that children with a lesser variant of the pervasive developmental disorder (DSM-IV: PDDNOS) exhibit less cardiac responsiveness to attention tasks than healthy children do. We studied changes in heart rate variability (HRV), which were measured in a frequency band ranging from 0.07 to 0.14Hz. During the performance of an attention task, healthy children exhibited task load-related decreases in HRV. These decreases were found to be significantly smaller and not task load-related in a group of children with a PDDNOS who were judged to be not hyperactive. The decreases in HRV during task performance were almost absent in children with a PDDNOS who were moreover judged to be hyperactive. The magnitude of HRV decreases appeared to be significantly related to one of our task performance measures and to behaviour problems reported by the parents. Our results suggest a diminished vagal adaptivity to attention-demanding task situations in children with a PDDNOS, which is related to their resistance to unexpected changes in their daily routines.

scholarly journals The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Parris ◽  
Michael G. Wadsley ◽  
Gizem Arabaci ◽  
Nabil Hasshim ◽  
Maria Augustinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

AbstractPrevious work investigating the effect of rTMS of left Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Stroop task performance reports no changes to the Stroop effect but reduced reaction times on both congruent and incongruent trials relative to sham stimulation; an effect attributed to an enhanced attentional (or task) set for colour classification. The present study tested this account by investigating whether, relative to vertex stimulation, rTMS of the left DLPFC modifies task conflict, a form of conflict that arises when task sets for colour classification and word reading compete, given that this particular type of conflict would be reduced by an enhanced task set for colour classification. Furthermore, the present study included measures of other forms of conflict present in the Stroop task (response and semantic conflict), the potential effects on which would have been hidden in previous studies employing only incongruent and congruent stimuli. Our data showed that left DLPFC stimulation had no effect on the magnitude of task conflict, nor did it affect response, semantic or overall conflict (where the null is supported by sensitive Bayes Factors in most cases). However, consistent with previous research left DLPFC stimulation had the general effect of reducing reaction times. We, therefore, show for the first time that relative to real vertex stimulation left DLPFC stimulation does not modify Stroop interference. Alternative accounts of the role of the left DLPFC in Stroop task performance in which it either modifies response thresholds or facilitates responding by keeping the correct response keys active in working memory are discussed.

Separate Room Testing Accommodations for Students With and Without ADHD

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 852-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Lovett ◽  
Lawrence J. Lewandowski ◽  
Lindsey Carter
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Testing Accommodations ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Parallel Forms ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Students With Adhd ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Separate Room

Students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently provided a separate room in which to take exams, to reduce external distractions. However, little research has explored the efficacy of this accommodation. In the present study, college students with ( n = 27) and without ( n = 42) ADHD diagnoses were administered two parallel forms of a timed silent reading comprehension test, one in a classroom with other students, and one in a private, proctored setting. A two-way analysis of variance found no significant main effects for either ADHD status or test setting on performance, and no significant interaction between the factors either. However, inspection of student-level data and exploration of continuous relationships between self-reported ADHD symptoms and test performance patterns suggested that separate room accommodations may be beneficial for a subgroup of students with ADHD.

Affective Integration Speeds Trait Processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-818
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakao ◽  
Makoto Miyatani
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fan Effect ◽  
Students First ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Affective Value

We investigated whether affective integration increases the speed of processing of personality trait knowledge. The fan effect was compared between cases where trait knowledge is stored with the affective value and cases where it is not stored with the affective value. 18 college students first memorized a set of traits about fictitious individuals and then made recognition judgments. In the 2 × 2 factorial repeated-measures design, the number of traits learned about a fictitious individual and whether those traits were integrated by a shared affective value were manipulated. The significant interaction showed that knowledge of personality trait with affective integration was processed quickly even if the particular person's memory had rich connections with traits.

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