Escape Performance as a Function of Delay of Reinforcement and Inescapable Us Trials

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1255-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene H. Moffat ◽  
Daniel L. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement

College Ss were given 75 lever-press escape trials with omission of entertaining material constituting the aversive stimulus. Reinstatement of the recording occurred either 0, 3, 6, or 9 sec. after the escape response. One-half of Ss in each delay group received 15 inescapable trials immediately prior to the escape trials. The results indicated that response latencies for the escape trials were directly related to the delay interval employed. Inescapable pretraining did not differentially affect performance.

scholarly journals P532 Delay of maintenance infliximab increases the risk of relapse in Crohn’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S507-S507
Author(s):  
H Guo ◽  
J Tang ◽  
Z Huang ◽  
B Li ◽  
Q Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Disease Relapse ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Unusual Situation

Abstract Background Scheduled maintenance infliximab (IFX) therapies were frequently delayed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual situation allowed us to study the influence of decreased treatment adherence on Crohn’s disease (CD). This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effect of IFX delay on relapse in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Methods 166 CD patients with maintenance IFX between January 25, 2020, and April 25, 2020, were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Relapse was defined as clinical disease relapse or biochemical disease relapse (C-reactive protein (CRP) level ≥5 mg/L without other, non-IBD related explanation). Associations between relapse and IFX delay were analyzed. Results A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including 166 CD patients receiving maintenance IFX infusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of all, 135 (81.3%) had delayed their IFX infusion. Only 31 (18.7%) followed the schedule infusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. The median time of the IFX delay was 18.6±17.1 days. The relapse rate in the IFX-delay group was significantly higher than the group without delay (25.9% versus 5.5%, P＜0.02). During a median IFX delay interval of 46 days (95% CI 20.9–71.1), the ratio of relapse increased with the increase of IFX delay intervals. Delay interval had a cumulative effect on disease recurrence. We proposed interval prolongation resulted in a significant IFX trough concentration reduction. Conclusion Our study provided real-world evidence of influence on relapse of IFX delay in CD patients undergone maintenance therapy. It might help the IBD specialists arrange reasonable IFX treatment intervals for patients.

Escape performance as a function of delay of reinforcement.

1962 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Fowler ◽  
Milton A. Trapold
Keyword(s):  
Escape Performance ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement

Effects of metamorphosis on the aquatic escape response of the two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Azizi ◽  
Tobias Landberg
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Eurycea Bislineata ◽  
Stage 1

SUMMARYAlthough numerous studies have described the escape kinematics of fishes, little is known about the aquatic escape responses of salamanders. We compare the escape kinematics of larval and adult Eurycea bislineata, the two-lined salamander, to examine the effects of metamorphosis on aquatic escape performance. We hypothesize that shape changes associated with resorption of the larval tail fin at metamorphosis will affect aquatic locomotor performance. Escape responses were recorded using high-speed video, and the effects of life stage and total length on escape kinematics were analyzed statistically using analysis of covariance. Our results show that both larval and adult E. bislineata use a two-stage escape response (similar to the C-starts of fishes) that consists of a preparatory (stage 1) and a propulsive (stage 2) stroke. The duration of both kinematic stages and the distance traveled during stage 2 increased with total length. Both larval and adult E. bislineata had final escape trajectories that were directed away from the stimulus. The main kinematic difference between larvae and adults is that adults exhibit significantly greater maximum curvature during stage 1. Total escape duration and the distance traveled during stage 2 did not differ significantly between larvae and adults. Despite the significantly lower tail aspect ratio of adults, we found no significant decrease in the overall escape performance of adult E. bislineata. Our results suggest that adults may compensate for the decrease in tail aspect ratio by increasing their maximum curvature. These findings do not support the hypothesis that larvae exhibit better locomotor performance than adults as a result of stronger selective pressures on early life stages.Movie available on-line: http://www.biologists.com/JEB/movies/jeb3978.html.

Escape Behaviour of Juvenile Psammodromus Algirus Lizards: Constraint of or Compensation for Limitations in Body Size?

Behaviour ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Approach Distance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Psammodromus Algirus ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Short Flight

AbstractWe compared the escape behaviour of juvenile and adult Psammodromus algirus lizards, by using data of escape performance in the laboratory and field observations of escape behaviour. We specifically examined whether a differential escape response is a constraint of body size, or whether juveniles behave differently in order to maximize their escape possibilities taking into account their size-related speed limitations. In the laboratory, juvenile lizards were slower than adult lizards, and escaped during less time and to shorter distances, even when removing the effect of body size. In the field, juveniles allowed closer approaches and after a short flight usually did not hide immediately, but did so after successive short runs if the attack persists. Approach distance of juveniles was not affected by habitat, but initial and total flight distances were shorter in covered microhabitats. There was no significant effect of environmental temperature on approach and initial flight distances of juveniles. However, the total flight distances were significantly correlated with air temperatures.

Children's Lever-Pulling Behavior as a Function of Shifts in Delay of Reinforcement Interval: A Modified Replication

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-646
Author(s):  
F. Michael Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Children's Behavior ◽  
Reinforcement Interval ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement ◽  
Post Shift

A lever-pulling task was used to assess the effects of shifts in delay of reinforcement on children's behavior. Four groups of first grade children served as Ss. Each group experienced one of the four possible factorial combinations of pre-shift (0 vs 9 sec.) and post-shift (0 vs 9 sec.) delay. Results obtained over the pre-shift and transition trials constitute a nearly perfect replication of findings in an earlier experiment (Rieber, 1961b). However, the results obtained over the post-shift trials were inconsistent with those obtained in the earlier study. Possible reasons for the inconsistent findings were discussed, as was a frustration interpretation for shifts in the delay interval. The present post-shift results seem to indicate that Ss who experience delay of reinforcement respond more persistently than Ss who have experienced only immediate reinforcement.

scholarly journals O Jato de Ar Quente Como um Estímulo Aversivo em Contingências de Fuga em Ratos

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Bentes de Carvalho Neto ◽  
Thrissy Collares Maestri ◽  
Maria Helena Leite Hunziker
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Aversive Control ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Negative Reinforcer

To increase the number of aversive stimuli that are available for laboratory research, the hot air blast (HAB) was tested as a negative reinforcer in two escape contingencies. Sixteen naïve rats were exposed to 30 or 60 HAB presentations. For half of the subjects, the escape response was jumping in a shuttle box; for the others, the HAB was interrupted after a nose poke response. The results showed that seven of eight subjects (87.5%) in each group learned the required escape response. These data confirm the negative reinforcing function of the HAB, which may be an alternative aversive stimulus to be adopted in research with nonhumans subjects.Keywords: escape; negative reinforcement; hot air blast; aversive control.

Delay of Reinforcement Effects without Goal-Box Confinement

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Alison L. Haupt ◽  
Michael C. Choban ◽  
J Patrick Sharpe ◽  
James A. Stover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement ◽  
Significant Difference

24 male albino rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups, immediate reinforcement, moderate delay, or long delay. Group Immediate ( n = 8) received food reinforcement immediately upon entering the goal box and were then placed in a waiting cage. For Group Moderate Delay ( n = 8), goal-box confinement was eliminated by placement in a waiting cage rather than confinement in the goal box. Group Long Delay ( n = 8) also had goal-box confinement eliminated with placement in a waiting cage for the 30-sec. delay of reinforcement. After acquisition trials, Group Immediate ran significantly faster than both Groups Moderate and Long Delay, but there was no significant difference in speeds between Group Moderate and Group Long Delay. Apparently, previous findings of a delay of reinforcement effect were at least partly associated with timing of presentation rather than goal-box confinement.

Effects of 2, 5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine (DOM, STP) on Successive Sensory Discrimination Behavior Maintained by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Reinforcement in the Rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1083-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Vincent ◽  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of DOM (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) on behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain were observed in five male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were trained on a successive discrimination task: the SD interval lasted as long as it took the animal to make one lever-press; the SΔ interval was variable, with a mean duration of 60 sec. Following DOM administration, response latencies to the SD were longer during the first 75 min. and SΔ responding was augmented over the 2-hr. session. Gross behavioral effects such as hypokinesia and ataxia were observed for a large part of the session. While increased response latencies may be attributed to hypokinesia and ataxia, increases in SΔ responding reflect a breakdown of discrimination itself. Severe behavioral depression was not observed, suggesting that electrical stimulation of the brain may have counteracted the depressive effect of the amphetamine.

Conflict Resolution and the Process of Temporal Integration

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Edward Renner
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Delay Of Reinforcement ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Double Approach ◽  
Delay Of Reward ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Position Discrimination

Four experiments using rats as Ss are reported. First, delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients were determined empirically for a similar right-left position-discrimination response, using the same apparatus. Second, this empirical information was used to describe how a double approach-avoidance conflict would be resolved when the rewards and punishments for both the right- and left-choice were unevenly distributed in time. The purposes of the experiments were: (a) to demonstrate that the process of resolving such temporal conflicts requires S to integrate over a delay interval the relative value of both the reward and the punishment for each of the two choices, and (b) to show that this value was, in turn, jointly determined by the separate delay of reward and delay of punishment gradients. Further, it was shown that the height and duration of these two types of delay of reinforcement gradients were determined by other variables, and when the height or duration of one of the gradients was altered, so was the underlying value of the reinforcement and the resolution of a temporal conflict. The relation of this process, and of delay of reinforcement in general, to neurotic or self-defeating behavior was noted.

Effect of Delay and Duration of Punished Extinction following Avoidance Conditioning

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene H. Moffat ◽  
Daniel L. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Conditioning ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

70 college Ss acquired an avoidance response with omission of recording constituting the aversive stimulus. 60 Ss received a punished extinction procedure in which omission of recording occurred either 0, 3, or 6 sec. after a response. Duration of recording omission in each delay group was either 5 or 15 sec. Ten Ss received a normal CS-only extinction procedure. Results indicated that resistance to extinction was directly related to the delay intervals. Duration did not differentially affect performance during extinction. Greatest resistance to extinction occurred in the CS-only group.

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