Comparison of the Function of Exchange in Couples of Similar and Differing Physical Attractiveness

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-314
Author(s):  
Bernard I. Murstein ◽  
Jeffrey A. Reif ◽  
Gia Syracuse-Siewert
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ideal Self ◽  
Men 2 ◽  
Exchange Orientation ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Physically Attractive

Couples (22 young, married, 18 young unmarried) completed the Exchange Orientation Scale, which measures how much individuals believe equality of exchange should characterize their social relationships, as well as the Norman Personality Trait Scale, which gives measures for the self and ideal-self. Couples also rated their sexual satisfaction, their partners' physical attractiveness, their own attractiveness, and had their photographs evaluated for attractiveness by disinterested raters. Subgroups were formed of physically attractive couples, couples in which the members were of disparate attractiveness, and couples in which the individuals perceived themselves as equal to their partners in attractiveness or as inferior. In accordance with exchange theory, the hypotheses were (1) unmarried men would show higher exchange scores than married men, (2) attractive men in disparately attractive couples would show greater exchange scores than attractive men in both-attractive couples, (3) attractive members of disparately attractive couples would possess lower self-acceptance and (4) experience greater sexual satisfaction than attractive members of both-attractive couples. Results supported all hypotheses in varying extents.

The ideal self is me: Deconstructing the self-evaluation process

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey L. Guenther ◽  
Kathryn Applegate ◽  
Steven Svoboda ◽  
Emily Adams
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ideal Self ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
The Ideal

Improvement in Self-Concept during Psychotherapy in a Maximum Security Prison

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Zimmermann ◽  
Raymond Guest ◽  
Charles Geist
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Concept Inventory ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Ideal Self ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Maximum Security Prison ◽  
Therapeutic Program ◽  
Psychotherapy Program

24 prison inmates who participated in a psychotherapy program were compared on a self-concept inventory with 19 inmates who did not participate. Self-esteem was defined in terms of the discrepancy between actual-self and ideal-self measures. The greater the discrepancy, the lower the self-esteem. A significant number of Ss in the therapeutic program showed reduction in the discrepancy score after 1 yr. in the program, while the non-therapy Ss showed a slight, but nonsignificant, increase.

Who shapes the self of independents and interdependents? Explicit and implicit measures of the self's relatedness to family, friends and partner

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 525-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Pöhlmann ◽  
Bettina Hannover
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
The Self ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Interdependent Self ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Explicit Study

We suggest that social relationships shape the self in different ways, depending on whether persons define themselves as independent or interdependent. While the self of independents is most strongly associated with mental representations of others to whom they are related because of their own deliberate action (e.g. friends), the self of interdependents is most strongly connected with representations of others with whom they share allocated group memberships (e.g. family members). We took both explicit (Study 1) and implicit measures (Studies 2, 3 and 4) on how strongly independent and interdependent selves are associated with self‐chosen versus allocated close others. In Studies 3 and 4, we additionally primed the independent or interdependent self. Both explicit and implicit measures indicated that mental representations of family members were more strongly associated with the interdependent self than with the independent self, while romantic partners and friends were connected with both the independent and interdependent self. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Conceptual Disruption

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara I. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Cantril’S Ladder

In research using self-report measures, there is little attention paid to how participants interpret concepts; instead, researchers often assume definitions are shared, universal, or easily understood. I discuss the self-anchored ladder, adapted from Cantril’s ladder, which is a procedure that simultaneously collects a participant’s self-reported rating and their interpretation of that rating. Drawing from a study about sexual satisfaction that included a self-anchored ladder, four analyses are presented and discussed in relation to one another: (1) comparisons of sexual satisfaction scores, (2) variations of structures participants applied to the ladder, (3) frequency of terms used to describe sexual satisfaction, and (4) thematic analysis of “best” and “worst” sexual satisfaction. These analytic strategies offer researchers a model for how to incorporate self-anchored ladder items into research designs as a means to draw out layers of meaning in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods data. I argue that the ladder invites the potential for conceptual disruption by prioritizing skepticism in survey research and bringing greater attention to how social locations, histories, economic structures, and other factors shape self-report data. I also address issues related to the multiple epistemological positions that the ladder demands. Finally, I argue for the centrality of epistemological self-reflexivity in critical feminist psychological research. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317725985

scholarly journals “Science. Not Just For Scientists. A Historiographical Analysis of the Changing Interpretations of the Scientific Revolution”

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Gasparik
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
The Self ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Traditionally, the Scientific Revolution has been portrayed as an era in history when new developments in fields of ‘scientific’ thought eclipsed the long-held notions presented by religion and philosophy. Historical interpretations subscribing to this view have often presented the Scientific Revolution as a time when significant changes occurred in the way societies understood their world. These historical analyses have focused on a limited suite of ideas – the iconic figures of the Scientific Revolution, the intellectual, methodological and theoretical developments of the era and the shift away from antiquated worldviews. Owing to the decidedly intellectual foci of these investigations, the Scientific Revolution, and the influential figures therein, are depicted as the impetus for modern thought and society as we know it today. However, in recent decades, historical studies of the Scientific Revolution have shifted away from investigations emphasizing the supposedly progressive nature of the era and have chosen to observe aspects of the historical period that are significantly more cultural in tone. For instance, aspects such as the economic impacts of intellectual developments, the self-fashioning practiced by figures during the period and the importance of cultivating various social relationships are observed in order to provide a richer, more socially contextualized presentation of the Scientific Revolution. This paper will compare two modes of historical investigation – Intellectual and Cultural Historical, examine the changes that have occurred in historical interpretations of the Scientific Revolution and illustrate the motivations that have guided these two distinct approaches to history. This historiographical analysis will show how portrayals of the Scientific Revolution have changed over time and developed from something decidedly intellectual in focus, into a much more nuanced, culturally focused form of scholarship.

scholarly journals Effects of student physical attractiveness

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Krnjajic
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Physically Attractive

Implicit personality theories suggest that people draw conclusions about other persons by using a relatively small number of visible features. The formation of "the first impression" is influenced by the factors, such as sex, age, appearances, race or nationality. Frequently, conclusions based on those factors lead to developing social stereotypes. Attractiveness is a good example of "the first impression" effect, because physical attractiveness entails the creation of impression about another person along a relatively great number of dimensions. Experimental paradigm, introduced in the sphere of interpersonal perception around the mid-20th century, led to a relatively great number of studies on stereotype based on physical attractiveness. One of the most often quoted conclusions of studies on physical attractiveness is summarized by the idiom "what is beautiful is good". For example, socially desirable personality traits (responsibility kindness, energy quality, modesty), more successful private and professional life, are all attributed to physically attractive persons. In addition physical attractiveness is coupled with positive expectations, peer acceptance, academic achievement etc. On the basis of studies on the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype, we have situated our analysis within the domain of roles regulating social interaction between teachers and students i.e. effects of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations, peer acceptance and academic achievement.

scholarly journals No compelling evidence that more physically attractive young adult women have higher estradiol or progesterone

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict C Jones ◽  
Amanda C Hahn ◽  
Claire I Fisher ◽  
Hongyi Wang ◽  
Michal Kandrik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Young Adult Women ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Physically Attractive ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPutative associations between sex hormones and attractive physical characteristics in women are central to many theories of human physical attractiveness and mate choice. Although such theories have become very influential, evidence that physically attractive and unattractive women have different hormonal profiles is equivocal. Consequently, we investigated hypothesized relationships between salivary estradiol and progesterone and two aspects of women’s physical attractiveness that are commonly assumed to be correlated with levels of these hormones: facial attractiveness (N=249) and waist-to-hip ratio (N=247). Our analyses revealed no compelling evidence that women with more attractive faces or lower (i.e., more attractive) waist-to-hip ratios had higher levels of estradiol or progesterone. One analysis did suggest that women with more attractive waist-to-hip ratios had significantly higher progesterone, but the relationship was weak and the relationship not significant in other analyses. These results do not support the influential hypothesis that between-women differences in physical attractiveness are related to estradiol and/or progesterone.

Exchange-Orientation Scale for Friends

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard I. Murstein ◽  
James A. Azar
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Orientation ◽  
Orientation Scale

Social Psychology of Health as a Social-Psychological Situation

2014 ◽  
pp. 331-335
Author(s):  
Maria Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Concept Of Health ◽  
The Impact

In this chapter, the author examines the concept of health situations and situations of disease, and suggests a classification of health situations depending on the impact of health on the self-realization of a human in social relationships.

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