Multilayer mirror systems to form hard X-ray beams

Open Physics ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Akhsakhalyan ◽  
Aram Akhsakhlyan ◽  
Alexander Kharitonov ◽  
Eugenie Kluenkov ◽  
Vladimir Murav’ev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Structure ◽  
High Light ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Multilayer Mirror ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Light Gathering

AbstractThis paper is an overview of the research activities carried out in the past five years at the Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS and “X-ray” Company towards the manufacture of multilayer mirror systems capable of forming X-ray beams in the subnanometer range of wavelengths. The systems fabrication technology is presented, including techniques for producing supersmooth surfaces of specified shape, methods of graded multilayer structure deposition on such surfaces, and the principles of designing optimal mirror parameters. The characteristics of a quadrelliptical reflector—a novel high light-gathering power four-corner focusing system—are reported.

scholarly journals Wide-Field-Imaging 3-Mirror-Systems by High Light Gathering Power and a Wide-Field Optical System for the ‘Large Imaging Telescope’ (Lite)

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
U. Laux
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
High Light ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Imaging Telescope ◽  
Light Gathering ◽  
Field Imaging ◽  
Wide Field Imaging

The desire of astronomers for wide field telescope systems which surpass the RCC (1:8 max. 1.5 degree) in light gathering power and field of view are relative concrete today. For this type of telescope, detectors planned ARE CCDs in multichip arrangement.

scholarly journals Further observations on the spectrum of the night sky

1923 ◽  
Vol 103 (720) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Camera Lens ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Identical Construction ◽  
Light Gathering ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
Collimating Lens ◽  
Past Winter

During the past winter I have continued my studies on the spectrum of the night sky, and the connected subject of the auroral spectrum. The present paper reports the results obtained. The spectrographs used in this work are two of nearly identical construction. In designing them the paramount consideration was to obtain the greatest possible light gathering power, all other considerations being kept subordinate to this. It was accordingly decided to use the minimum number of optical pieces—one prism, one collimating lens, one camera lens, neither of the latter to be achromatic.

Design and Fabrication of a High Light Gathering Power Monochromator

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
D. B. Jadhav ◽  
A. D. Tillu
Keyword(s):  
High Light ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Light Gathering

scholarly journals A Photospheric Solar Iron Abundance from Weak FeII Lines

1988 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
U. Pauls ◽  
N. Grevesse ◽  
M. C. E. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Branching Fractions ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
High Light ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectrometer ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Iron Abundance ◽  
Light Gathering

The high resolution and the high light-gathering power of a Fourier–transform spectrometer (FTS) afford the observation of very weak lines in laboratory spectra. Thus it became possible to determine an accurate solar iron abundance from Fe II lines that are weak in the solar spectrum: we measured the branching fractions of a few such lines whose upper levels lifetimes are known.

scholarly journals The raman spectra of some aldehydes and of mesitylene

1930 ◽  
Vol 128 (807) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
High Light ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Light Gathering ◽  
First Time

The results of a study of the Raman spectra of nine aldehydes and of mesitylene are reported and discussed in this paper. Of these substances, only a few, namely, paraldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde have been previously investigated by other authors and the rest receive attention for the first time. The experimental arrangements were the same as those described by Wood. Hilger’s quartz. E 2 and a two prism glass spectrograph of high light gathering power were used for studying the spectra. The liquids were mostly Kahlbaum’s or Merck’s extra pure and were further purified by distillation in vacuum before use. Capric, undecylic, and lauric aldehydes were, however, obtained from other sources and were used as received. In the following tables are given the wave-numbers and the intensities of the Raman lines, and the shifts in wave-numbers between them and the exciting lines. In the column ∆ v the letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k, l and m represent the exciting lines of the mercury spectrum λ A. U. 3650⋅1, 3654⋅8, 3663⋅3, 4046⋅6, 4077⋅8, 4339⋅2, 4347⋅5, 4358⋅3, 5460⋅7, 5769⋅5, 5790⋅5 respectively.

A NEW HIGH LIGHT GATHERING POWER SPECTROGRAPH FOR AURORAL STUDIES

1949 ◽  
Vol 27a (6) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Ruled Surface ◽  
Second Order ◽  
High Light ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Spectrum ◽  
Light Gathering Power ◽  
Light Gathering ◽  
Strong Radiation

The optics of the spectrograph consist of two f 2.5, 12 in. aircraft camera lenses, and a 15,000 lines per inch plane grating with ruled surface 4 in. by 4 in. The grating concentrates light in the second order spectrum; the dispersion in this order for normal incidence is 22 Å per mm. A few spectra were obtained during the spring of 1949, and the results appear to be most promising. These spectra include several interesting features, one of which is a strong radiation of wave length 4320 Å in the second order. This radiation is likely to be an intense first order infrared feature.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

RNA polymerase: Preparation and structural analysis of helical polymers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
E. Loren Buhle ◽  
Pamela Rew ◽  
Ueli Aebi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Helical Polymers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ordered Arrays ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

While DNA-dependent RNA polymerase represents one of the key enzymes involved in transcription and ultimately in gene expression in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, little progress has been made towards elucidation of its 3-D structure at the molecular level over the past few years. This is mainly because to date no 3-D crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis have been obtained with this rather large (MW ~500 kd) multi-subunit (α2ββ'ζ). As an alternative, we have been trying to form ordered arrays of RNA polymerase from E. coli suitable for structural analysis in the electron microscope combined with image processing. Here we report about helical polymers induced from holoenzyme (α2ββ'ζ) at low ionic strength with 5-7 mM MnCl2 (see Fig. 1a). The presence of the ζ-subunit (MW 86 kd) is required to form these polymers, since the core enzyme (α2ββ') does fail to assemble into such structures under these conditions.

LEGAL RESEARCH AT AHMAD IBRAHIM KULLIYYAH OF LAWS, INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA: TRENDS AND POLICIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunud Abia Kadouf ◽  
Umar Aimhanosi Oseini ◽  
Ainul Jaria Maidin
Keyword(s):  
Research Output ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Institution ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Status

The primary function of Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Laws, at the very beginning of its inception, was that of teaching civil law and Sharî’ah subjects. As it matured, its vision has been varied from teaching to that of research with the aim of attaining the status of a full research institution that provides both quality research and best legal education in the region. Similar to other institutions of higher education in Malaysia, the responsibility of research is a shared function of both graduate students and the academic staff. The research output, on the part of the students is mostly composed of either Master Dissertations or PhD Theses. The academic members of the Faculty, however, are involved either in direct research, individually or jointly, supervision, and publications of their findings. By investigating and analyzing factors influencing research activities at AIKOL in the past twenty years, the researchers will be able to identify the general trends and development of research as it unfolded over years. The researchers hope that the policymakers, at both Faculty and University levels, will use the findings to improve research quality by boldly addressing the problems hampering research progress at AIKOL.

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