The local populations of the fungus Schizophyllum commune Fr. as drivers of its biodiversity

Abstract Changes that occur on the local level can explain the processes on the population level and, at the same time, are the driving force of species adaptation. This manuscript reports data about genetic diversities of the fungus Schizophyllum commune on the level of a local population. Objects of the study were dicarious cultures of S. commune collected from 38 basidiocarps grown on the territory of Holosiivskyi National Nature Park, Lysa Hora Regional Landscape Park and Feofaniya forest parcel (Ukraine). Results showed similarity of genetic variability of S. commune in different local populations. The heterozygote deficiency of some loci that was discovered might have resulted from new forms of allozymes that have not become widespread or due to small population sizes. The degree of differentiation of genes between local studied populations was moderate due to the high flow of genes. The absence of spatial structuration of genotypes is established, and the Mantel test showed a lack of interconnection between the genetic component and the geographical coordinates of the samples. It has been suggested that wind direction and terrain are the factors that influence the genetic structure of local populations.

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Successive Respiratory Syncytial Virus Epidemics in Local Populations Arise from Multiple Variant Introductions, Providing Insights into Virus Persistence

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01972-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (22) ◽

pp. 11630-11642 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Charles N. Agoti ◽

James R. Otieno ◽

Mwanajuma Ngama ◽

Alexander G. Mwihuri ◽

Graham F. Medley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Local Level ◽

Local Population ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Respiratory Pathogen ◽

Data Set ◽

Local Populations ◽

Global Comparison ◽

Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a global respiratory pathogen of humans, with infection occurring characteristically as recurrent seasonal epidemics. Unlike influenza viruses, little attention has been paid to the mechanism underlying worldwide spread and persistence of RSV and how this may be discerned through an improved understanding of the introduction and persistence of RSV in local communities. We analyzed 651 attachment (G) glycoprotein nucleotide sequences of RSV B collected over 11 epidemics (2002 to 2012) in Kilifi, Kenya, and contemporaneous data collected elsewhere in Kenya and 18 other countries worldwide (2002 to 2012). Based on phylogeny, genetic distance and clustering patterns, we set out pragmatic criteria to classify local viruses into distinct genotypes and variants, identifying those newly introduced and those locally persisting. Three genotypes were identified in the Kilifi data set: BA (n= 500), SAB1 (n= 148), and SAB4 (n= 3). Recurrent RSV epidemics in the local population were composed of numerous genetic variants, most of which have been newly introduced rather than persisting in the location from season to season. Global comparison revealed that (i) most Kilifi variants do not cluster closely with strains from outside Kenya, (ii) some Kilifi variants were closely related to those observed outside Kenya (mostly Western Europe), and (iii) many variants were circulating elsewhere but were never detected in Kilifi. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that year-to-year presence of RSV at the local level (i.e., Kilifi) is achieved primarily, but not exclusively, through introductions from a pool of variants that are geographically restricted (i.e., to Kenya or to the region) rather than global.IMPORTANCEThe mechanism by which RSV persists and reinvades local populations is poorly understood. We investigated this by studying the temporal patterns of RSV variants in a rural setting in tropical Africa and comparing these variants with contemporaneous variants circulating in other countries. We found that periodic seasonal RSV transmission at the local level appears to require regular new introductions of variants. However, importantly, the evidence suggests that the source of new variants is mostly geographically restricted, and we hypothesize that year-to-year RSV persistence is at the country level rather than the global level. This has implications for control.

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Estimating the exposure of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change

10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0028 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew C. Fitzpatrick ◽

Aaron M. Ellison

Keyword(s):

Climatic Change ◽

Habitat Suitability ◽

Species Distributions ◽

Dispersal Limitation ◽

Small Population ◽

Carnivorous Plant ◽

Carnivorous Plants ◽

Habitat Specialization ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Suitable Habitats

Climatic change likely will exacerbate current threats to carnivorous plants. However, estimating the severity of climatic change is challenged by the unique ecology of carnivorous plants, including habitat specialization, dispersal limitation, small ranges, and small population sizes. We discuss and apply methods for modeling species distributions to overcome these challenges and quantify the vulnerability of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change. Results suggest that climatic change will reduce habitat suitability for most carnivorous plants. Models also project increases in habitat suitability for many species, but the extent to which these increases may offset habitat losses will depend on whether individuals can disperse to and establish in newly suitable habitats outside of their current distribution. Reducing existing stressors and protecting habitats where numerous carnivorous plant species occur may ameliorate impacts of climatic change on this unique group of plants.

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Multidirectional War and Paramilitarism

10.1093/oso/9780199668021.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tomas Balkelis

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Local Level ◽

Local Population ◽

Cycle Of Violence ◽

Different Types ◽

The Masses ◽

Socially Motivated

This chapter, by following the course of military actions in Lithuania in 1919, explores the emergence of various military and paramilitary groups that engaged in different types of violence. The focus here is on the entanglement of three types of actors: those that performed state-sanctioned violence; those that acted as semi-independent paramilitary agents, and those that engaged in ethnically or socially motivated violence on a local level. The ability of the Lithuanian government to survive the series of military engagements in 1919 enhanced its legitimacy among the local population, and laid the foundation for a modern Lithuanian identity among the masses. Yet the new state and national identity were shaped in a continuous cycle of violence, social strife, mobilization, and militarization of society.

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Aspects of the Relationships between the Community of Sheikh Abd al-Qurna and Ancient Egyptian Monuments

The Oxford Handbook of Egyptian Epigraphy and Paleography ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190604653.013.35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 507-522

Author(s):

Andrew Bednarski ◽

Gemma Tully

Keyword(s):

Social Action ◽

Single Case ◽

Local Population ◽

Social Awareness ◽

Single Case Study ◽

Local Populations ◽

Ancient Egyptian ◽

Complex Relationships

Epigraphers and archaeologists working in Egypt must navigate a host of complex relationships both on and off site. This chapter explores the multifaceted nature of local Egyptian peoples’ relationships with nearby monuments through the lens of a single case study: the site of Sheikh Abd al-Qurna and its local population, the Qurnawi. Egyptologists have not traditionally sought to incorporate formally the stories and histories of local populations in their studies of pharaonic sites. An increasing blend of social awareness and the desire for social action on the part of both foreign professionals and local activists, however, is pushing Egyptologists to re-evaluate their practices, which, in turn, is moving the discipline in new and positive directions.

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Patterns of variation in the rDNA cistron within and among world populations of a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse).

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/121.3.539 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 539-550

Author(s):

W C Black ◽

D K McLain ◽

K S Rai

Keyword(s):

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Local Population ◽

Population Level ◽

Restriction Map ◽

Repeat Region ◽

Molecular Drive ◽

Nontranscribed Spacer ◽

Coding Regions ◽

The World ◽

Ribosomal Cistron

Abstract A restriction map was constructed of the ribosomal cistron in a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). The 18s, 28s and nontranscribed spacer (NTS) regions were subcloned and used to probe for intraspecific variation. Seventeen populations were examined throughout the world range of the species. No variation was detected in the coding regions but extensive and continuous variation existed in the NTS. The NTS consisted of two nonhomologous regions. The first region contained multiple 190-bp AluI repeats nested within larger XhoI repeats of various sizes. There was a large number of length variants in the AluI repeat region of the NTS. No repeats were found in the second region and it gave rise to relatively fewer variants. An analysis of NTS diversity in individual mosquitoes indicated that most of the diversity arose at the population level. Discriminant analysis was performed on spacer types in individual mosquitoes and demonstrated that individuals within a population carried a unique set of spacers. In contrast with studies of the NTS in Drosophila populations, there seems to be little conservation of spacers in a population. The importance of molecular drive relative to drift and selection in the generation of local population differentiation is discussed.

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Hip Fracture Types in Canadian Men and Women Change Differently with Age: A Population-Level Analysis

Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.4137/cmamd.s38531 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. CMAMD.S38531 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richard G. Crilly ◽

Marita Kloseck ◽

Selam Mequanint

Keyword(s):

Hip Fracture ◽

Relative Proportion ◽

Local Population ◽

Population Level ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Administrative Database ◽

Fracture Type ◽

Discharge Abstract Database ◽

Fracture Types

Background We have previously reported a gender difference in the occurrence of hip fracture type with age in our local population. In the current report, we have explored this phenomenon in a Canadian population using five years of data from a national administrative database. We have compared community-dwelling and institutionalized individuals to determine if frailty is important and has a differential effect on the type of hip fracture experienced. Methods Hospitalization records from 2005 to 2009, in which the most responsible diagnosis, that is the diagnosis causing the admission to hospital, was a hip fracture, were obtained from the Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Hip fracture type was identified using the Canadian Classification of Health Interventions and the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, Canada (ICD-10-CA). Hip fracture proportions were calculated for the study period and stratified by age group and sex. Results The relative proportion of intertrochanteric fractures in women rose from 35% in the youngest group (55–59 years) to 51% in the oldest group (84+ years; P < 0.0001). In men, the proportions remain relatively stable (47% and 44%, respectively). Community and institutionalized patients showed the same pattern. Conclusions The change in the proportion of the two hip fracture types that occur in women but not men may point to differences in the etiology and consequently the approaches to prevention for the two fracture types. Level of frailty did not seem to be important.

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dDocent: a RADseq, variant-calling pipeline designed for population genomics of non-model organisms

10.7287/peerj.preprints.314 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Puritz ◽

Christopher M. Hollenbeck ◽

John R. Gold

Keyword(s):

Population Genomics ◽

De Novo ◽

Variant Calling ◽

Population Level ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Effective Population ◽

Reduction Techniques ◽

Indel Polymorphisms ◽

Indel Calling ◽

Population Sizes

Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has become a powerful and useful approach for population genomics. Currently, no software exists that utilizes both paired-end reads from RADseq data to efficiently produce population-informative variant calls, especially for organisms with large effective population sizes and high levels of genetic polymorphism but for which no genomic resources exist. dDocent is an analysis pipeline with a user-friendly, command-line interface designed to process individually barcoded RADseq data (with double cut sites) into informative SNPs/Indels for population-level analyses. The pipeline, written in BASH, uses data reduction techniques and other stand-alone software packages to perform quality trimming and adapter removal, de novo assembly of RAD loci, read mapping, SNP and Indel calling, and baseline data filtering. Double-digest RAD data from population pairings of three different marine fishes were used to compare dDocent with Stacks, the first generally available, widely used pipeline for analysis of RADseq data. dDocent consistently identified more SNPs shared across greater numbers of individuals and with higher levels of coverage. This is most likely due to the fact that dDocent quality trims instead of filtering and incorporates both forward and reverse reads in assembly, mapping, and SNP calling, thus enabling use of reads with Indel polymorphisms. The pipeline and a comprehensive user guide can be found at (http://dDocent.wordpress.com).

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The Making of Amoral Communities

Amoral Communities ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501739828.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 22-32

Author(s):

Mila Dragojević

Keyword(s):

Local Level ◽

Local Population ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

Political Orientation ◽

Political Crisis ◽

Violence Against Civilians ◽

The Government

This chapter identifies conditions and contexts that are conducive to wartime collective crimes. It shows how the context in which the perpetrators believe that their actions are not going to be penalized and that their actions are acceptable is created on the local level in some communities. It is a context in which moderates, or those who wish to prevent such crimes, are excluded for putting their desire to protect all civilians—regardless of their identity or political orientation—ahead of the security related needs that are presented by their leaders as more pressing concerns in time of war. This is the context that can be conceptualized as amoral communities. Instead of punishing the perpetrators of criminal acts so that civilians and prisoners of war are protected under all circumstances, the leaders in power place more emphasis on resolving a political crisis, winning a war, or eliminating those defined as enemies. In amoral communities, violence against civilians not only is tolerated by the authorities but also may be covered up or presented as a necessary sacrifice or the result of random accidents, given the need to respond urgently to a security crisis or a war. Moreover, in such communities, it is not necessary for the government to send its own armies because the local population is disposed to take part in the violence.

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Nestling Sex Ratio in the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/104.4.877 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 877-881

Author(s):

Eben H. Paxton ◽

Mark K. Sogge ◽

Tracy D. McCarthey ◽

Paul Keim

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Small Population ◽

Geographic Isolation ◽

Breeding Populations ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Genetic Techniques ◽

Willow Flycatcher ◽

Empidonax Traillii ◽

Negative Impacts

AbstractUsing molecular-genetic techniques, we determined the gender of 202 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) nestlings from 95 nests sampled over a five-year period. Overall nestling sex ratio did not vary significantly from 50:50 among years, by clutch order, or by mating strategy (monogamous vs. polygamous pairings). However, we did observe significant differences among the four sites sampled, with sex ratios biased either toward males or females at the different sites. Given the small population sizes and geographic isolation of many of the endangered subspecies' breeding populations, sex-ratio differences may have localized negative impacts.Cociente de Sexos en Polluelos de Empidonax traillii extimusResumen. Utilizando técnicas moleculares determinamos el sexo de 202 polluelos de Empidonax traillii extimus pertenecientes a 95 nidos que fueron muestreados durante un período de cinco años. En general, el cociente de sexos no varió significativamente de 50:50 entre años, ya sea por orden de la nidada o por estrategia de apareamiento (monogamia vs. poligamia). Sin embargo, observamos diferencias significativas entre los cuatro sitios muestreados, en los cuales la razón de sexos estuvo sesgada hacia los machos o las hembras dependiendo del sitio. Dados los pequeños tamaños poblacionales y el aislamiento geográfico de muchas de las poblaciones reproductivas de esta subespecie en peligro, las diferencias en el cociente de sexos pueden tener un impacto negativo a nivel local.

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Ethnobotanical investigation of 'Chamaerops humilis' in the area of Beni Snous (Western of Algeria)

Mediterranean Botany ◽

10.5209/mbot.60127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 177-184

Author(s):

Nadjat Medjati ◽

Okkacha Hasnaoui ◽

Brahim Babali ◽

Noria Hachemi

Keyword(s):

Local Population ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Local Populations ◽

South West ◽

Frequency Of Use ◽

Western Algeria ◽

Chamaerops Humilis ◽

Intestinal Worms

The ethnobotanical potentials of Chamaerops humilis in the Béni Snous region (south-west of Tlemcen, western Algeria) has been studied to know the therapeutic utilities and the practices of the local populations, in order to valorize this resource. A series of ethnobotanical surveys were carried out using a questionnaire on the 3 municipalities of Beni Snous (Beni Bahdel, Azail, and Beni Snous). The frequency of use of Chamaerops humilis in the region of study is closely related to the profile of the investigated people. The results of this study reveal that Chamaerops humilis parts are used for therapeutic purposes by the local population: the heart of stipe as to treat dyspepsia (gastrointestinal attacks, 93.90%), fruits as an antiseptic (70.73%), roots for anemia (36.55%) and intestinal worms (30.10%), while the leaves are often used to treat diabetes (21.62%) and other gastrointestinal disorders (30.1%).

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