scholarly journals World of earthworms with pesticides and insecticides

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Rashi Miglani ◽  
Satpal Singh Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Earthworm Population ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Biomass Reduction ◽  
Sizeable Reduction ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract Earthworms are important organisms in soil communities and are known for sustaining the life of the soil. They are used as a model organism in environmental risk assessment of chemicals and soil toxicology. Soil provides physical and nutritive support to agriculture system by regulating biogeochemical cycles, nutrient cycle, waste degradation, organic matter degradation etc. The biggest threat to soil health are pesticides and synthetic chemicals including fertilizers. Earthworms are most severely hit by these xenobiotic compounds leading to a sizeable reduction of their population and adversely affecting soil fertility. Earthworms are incredible soil organisms playing a crucial role in maintaining soil health. Pesticides used in crop management are known to be most over-purchased and irrationally used soil toxicants, simultaneously, used insecticides contribute to a quantum of damage to earthworms and other non-target organisms. LC50 and LD50 studies revealed that earthworms are highly susceptible to insecticides causing immobility, rigidity and also show a significant effect on biomass reduction, growth and reproduction by disrupting various physiological activities leading to loss of earthworm population and soil biodiversity.

scholarly journals ↵Prospects of Cropping System and Nutrient Management Towards Sustainability in Agriculture: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yasodha ◽  
K. Sharmili ◽  
A. Tharun Kumar ◽  
C. Chinnusamy
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Precise Integration ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

Cropping system involves proper management of inputs in a synergistic manner. Latest advancements in cropping system has resulted in including new rewarding crops in an appropriate manner with higher efficiency in utilization of resources. This ultimately effects the farmers with higher gross returns. Considering this fact, proper cohesion of nutrients/resources is essential to maintain an optimum fertility in the soil. This involves precise integration of synthetic chemicals, organics and biofertilizers; so that these practices may not incur a deterioration in soil health. Thus, this review projects the techniques of efficient pre-requisites in a cropping system for achieving higher productivity in a eco-friendly manner.

scholarly journals Sod-Based Peanut/Cotton Rotation-Soil Health Part 1: Root Depth, Earthworms and Soil Water Infiltration

EDIS ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawainga W. Katsvairo ◽  
David L. Wright ◽  
James J. Marois ◽  
D. Hartzog ◽  
P. J. Wiatrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Soil Water Infiltration ◽  
Earthworm Population

SS-AGR-124, a 4-page article by T. W. Katsvairo, D. L. Wright, J. J. Marois, D. Hartzog, P. J. Wiatrak and J. R. Rich, reports on the importance of perennial grasses on soil health and focuses on root growth, earthworm population densities and soil water infiltration. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, July 2006. SS-AGR-124/AG256: Sod-Based Peanut/Cotton Rotation—Soil Health Part 1: Root Depth, Earthworms, and Soil Water Infiltration (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals The intertwined metabolism of Medicago truncatula and its nitrogen fixing symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti elucidated by genome-scale metabolic models

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pfau ◽  
Nils Christian ◽  
Shyam K. Masakapalli ◽  
Lee J. Sweetlove ◽  
Mark G. Poolman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Genome Scale

AbstractGenome-scale metabolic network models can be used for various analyses including the prediction of metabolic responses to changes in the environment. Legumes are well known for their rhizobial symbiosis that introduces nitrogen into the global nutrient cycle. Here, we describe a fully compartmentalised, mass and charge-balanced, genome-scale model of the clover Medicago truncatula, which has been adopted as a model organism for legumes. We employed flux balance analysis to demonstrate that the network is capable of producing biomass (amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, cell wall) in experimentally observed proportions, during day and night. By connecting the plant model to a model of its rhizobial symbiont, Sinorhizobium meliloti, we were able to investigate the effects of the symbiosis on metabolic fluxes and plant growth and could demonstrate how oxygen availability influences metabolic exchanges between plant and symbiont, thus elucidating potential benefits of amino acid cycling. We thus provide a modelling framework, in which the interlinked metabolism of plants and nodules can be studied from a theoretical perspective.

scholarly journals Soil-derived Nature's Contributions to People and their contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20200185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Smith ◽  
Saskia D. Keesstra ◽  
Whendee L. Silver ◽  
Tapan K. Adhya ◽  
Gerlinde B. De Deyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Development Goals

This special issue provides an assessment of the contribution of soils to Nature's Contributions to People (NCP). Here, we combine this assessment and previously published relationships between NCP and delivery on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to infer contributions of soils to the SDGs. We show that in addition to contributing positively to the delivery of all NCP, soils also have a role in underpinning all SDGs. While highlighting the great potential of soils to contribute to sustainable development, it is recognized that poorly managed, degraded or polluted soils may contribute negatively to both NCP and SDGs. The positive contribution, however, cannot be taken for granted, and soils must be managed carefully to keep them healthy and capable of playing this vital role. A priority for soil management must include: (i) for healthy soils in natural ecosystems, protect them from conversion and degradation; (ii) for managed soils, manage in a way to protect and enhance soil biodiversity, health and sustainability and to prevent degradation; and (iii) for degraded soils, restore to full soil health. We have enough knowledge now to move forward with the implementation of best management practices to maintain and improve soil health. This analysis shows that this is not just desirable, it is essential if we are to meet the SDG targets by 2030 and achieve sustainable development more broadly in the decades to come. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

scholarly journals Identifying potential threats to soil biodiversity

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Tandra D. Fraser ◽  
Sarah Duddigan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Intensive Exploitation

A decline in soil biodiversity is generally considered to be the reduction of forms of life living in soils, both in terms of quantity and variety. Where soil biodiversity decline occurs, it can significantly affect the soils’ ability to function, respond to perturbations and recover from a disturbance. Several soil threats have been identified as having negative effects on soil biodiversity, including human intensive exploitation, land-use change and soil organic matter decline. In this review we consider what we mean by soil biodiversity, and why it is important to monitor. After a thorough review of the literature identified on a Web of Science search concerning threats to soil biodiversity (topic search: threat* “soil biodiversity”), we compiled a table of biodiversity threats considered in each paper including climate change, land use change, intensive human exploitation, decline in soil health or plastic; followed by detailed listings of threats studied. This we compared to a previously published expert assessment of threats to soil biodiversity. In addition, we identified emerging threats, particularly microplastics, in the 10 years following these knowledge based rankings. We found that many soil biodiversity studies do not focus on biodiversity sensu stricto, rather these studies examined either changes in abundance and/or diversity of individual groups of soil biota, instead of soil biodiversity as a whole, encompassing all levels of the soil food web. This highlights the complexity of soil biodiversity which is often impractical to assess in all but the largest studies. Published global scientific activity was only partially related to the threats identified by the expert panel assessment. The number of threats and the priority given to the threats (by number of publications) were quite different, indicating a disparity between research actions versus perceived threats. The lack of research effort in key areas of high priority in the threats to soil biodiversity are a concerning finding and requires some consideration and debate in the research community.

scholarly journals Earthworms, ants and other arthropods as soil health indicators in traditional and no-fire agro-ecosystems from Eastern Brazilian Amazonia

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Xavier Rousseau ◽  
Paulo Rogério Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Cláudio José Reis de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Lack Of Information

Deforestation of the Amazonian rainforest and conversion to agriculture with the use of fire creates a mosaic of occupied lands and secondary forests. Considering the fundamental role of soil macrofauna and the lack of information about its resilience to deforestation, this study characterized the earthworms, ants and other soil arthropod communities in secondary forests of 40 and 20 years of age and in cropping system and pastures prepared with slash-and-burn or chop-and-mulch in the Brazilian Eastern Amazonia. Soil macrofauna was sampled according to the TSBF (Tropical Soil Biological and Fertility) methodology. Four sub-indices and one “macrofauna soil health index” were calculated using five principal component analyses. The macrofauna index identified better soil health in chop-andmulch crops, followed by the 40 yr-old forest and the chop-and-mulch pasture. These results confirmed the fundamental role of old secondary forests for soil biodiversity conservation and the potential of the chop-and-mulch technique to mitigate the effects of land use changes.

scholarly journals The biochar effect on soil respiration and nitrification

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šlapáková Barbora ◽  
Jeřábková Julie ◽  
Voříšek Karel ◽  
Tejnecký Václav ◽  
Drábek Ondřej
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Soil Basal Respiration ◽  
Biochar Amendment ◽  
Different Soils

Soil microorganisms play a main role in the nutrient cycle and they also play an important role in soil health. This article studies the influence of three rates of biochar (0.5, 1 and 3%) in comparison with control (0 biochar) in two different soils (Valečov and Čistá) on soil microbiota activities. The biochar was prepared from 80% of digestate from Zea mays L. and 20% of cellulose fibres by pyrolysis (470°C, 17 min). The biochar ability to influence microbial processes in soil was determined by respiration and nitrification tests. There were no significant differences between basal respiration of control samples and biochar-amended samples. Basal respiration in the Valečov soil reached average amounts from 1.32 to 1.52 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. In the Čistá soil, basal respiration reached average amounts from 1.40 to 1.49 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. No significant differences were proved also in nitrification tests of both soils. Nitrifying potential was the highest in 3% rate of biochar amendment. There were no negative changes in the measured soil parameters. CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was not higher in biochar-amended soil.

scholarly journals Role of soil in the regulation of human and plant pathogens: soils' contributions to people

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20200179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandipan Samaddar ◽  
Daniel S. Karp ◽  
Radomir Schmidt ◽  
Naresh Devarajan ◽  
Jeffery A. McGarvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Pathogen Suppression

Soil and soil biodiversity play critical roles in Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) # 10, defined as Nature's ability to regulate direct detrimental effects on humans, and on human-important plants and animals, through the control or regulation of particular organisms considered to be harmful. We provide an overview of pathogens in soil, focusing on human and crop pathogens, and discuss general strategies, and examples, of how soils' extraordinarily diverse microbial communities regulate soil-borne pathogens. We review the ecological principles underpinning the regulation of soil pathogens, as well as relationships between pathogen suppression and soil health. Mechanisms and specific examples are presented of how soil and soil biota are involved in regulating pathogens of humans and plants. We evaluate how specific agricultural management practices can either promote or interfere with soil's ability to regulate pathogens. Finally, we conclude with how integrating soil, plant, animal and human health through a ‘One Health’ framework could lead to more integrated, efficient and multifunctional strategies for regulating detrimental organisms and processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

scholarly journals Impact of Rubber Leaf Vermicompost on Tea (Camellia sinensis) Yield and Earthworm Population in West Tripura (India)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyasankar Chaudhuri ◽  
Singh Kwrak Santua Jamatia
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Earthworm Population ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
Set Up

Background: Vermicompost is a manure produced from organic waste through the activity of epigeic earthworms and microbes. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers for long term to increase the crop productivity have led to deterioration of soil health. Therefore, to assess the effect of vermicompost, as an alternative option to chemical fertilizer, on tea yield and earthworm population, field application of vermicompost on tea plantation was carried out for a period of two years (2015-2016) in Harishnagar Tea Estate, West Tripura, India. Methods: The experimental plot (25 sq. m) was set up using a random block design with 4 different rates of vermicompost viz. T0 (Control), T1 (5 t ha-1 year-1), T2 (10 t ha-1 year-1) and T3 (15 t ha-1 year-1) each having five replications. Composite soil samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Earthworms were also collected during the experimental period.Conclusion: Application of vermicompost significantly influenced the tea plantation soils, increased the tea yield along with earthworm population and was dependent on the vermicompost doses applied.

scholarly journals The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20200169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Smith ◽  
Saskia D. Keesstra ◽  
Whendee L. Silver ◽  
Tapan K. Adhya
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
To Come

This theme issue provides an assessment of the contribution of soils to Nature's Contributions to People (NCP). The papers in this issue show that soils can contribute positively to the delivery of all NCP. These contributions can be maximized through careful soil management to provide healthy soils, but poorly managed, degraded or polluted soils may contribute negatively to the delivery of NCP. Soils are also shown to contribute positively to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Papers in the theme issue emphasize the need for careful soil management. Priorities for soil management must include: (i) for healthy soils in natural ecosystems, protect them from conversion and degradation, (ii) for managed soils, manage in a way to protect and enhance soil biodiversity, health, productivity and sustainability and to prevent degradation, and (iii) for degraded soils, restore to full soil health. Our knowledge of what constitutes sustainable soil management is mature enough to implement best management practices, in order to maintain and improve soil health. The papers in this issue show the vast potential of soils to contribute to NCP. This is not only desirable, but essential to sustain a healthy planet and if we are to deliver sustainable development in the decades to come. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature’s Contributions to People’.

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