Nitrogen dose and sowing density in pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops, to obtain higher yields in Barranca [Dosis de nitrógeno y densidad de siembra del cultivo de arveja (Pisum sativum L.), para obtener mayor rendimiento en Barranca]

The research deals with nitrogen doses and sowing densities in peas. The objective was to determine which nitrogen dose and planting density obtained the highest yield. The methodology is based on applied research; Therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Random Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 6 treatments. The doses were applied at 17 days 1/2 N, 100% P2O5 and 100% K2O and 62 days after sowing 1/2 N, it was evaluated from sowing to harvest and the data were processed by analysis of variance of two factors and Duncan, took leaf samples for foliar analysis and determined the total amount of nitrogen used. It was determined that T5 stood out in stem length with 128.42 cm, commercial yield with 12.53 tn/ha, T4 in weight of pods with 620 g, number of pods per plant with 48, T6 in nitrogen concentration with 6.60 g/ 100 g of dry matter and T5 in the amount of nitrogen used with 154.3 kg/ha that obtained the highest yield. It is concluded that the higher dose of nitrogen and less distance that is T5 obtained higher performance exceeding by 24.52% in relation to T1.

Nutritional content, performance and ratooning ability of four sorghum genotypes

Sorghum is a grain plant that is a source of food, biofuel and feed, which can be produced using the techniques of ratoon cultivation. The objective of this study is to assess the nutrition content, the performance of the four sorghum genotypes and the vegetative characteristics of the sorghum ratoon. The research was carried out from December 2020 to July 2021 at the Ciawi Research Garden, the Livestock Research Institute. The study employed four treatments (genotype) and three replications of random block design. The range of protein content, crude fat crude fiber and ash in the four genotypes of sorghum was 7.91-9.30, 1.91-2.69, 33.41-37.57 and 8.25-9.11%, respectively. Genotype significantly affected P<0.05 on plant height, stem height, leaf width, internode length, flag leaf width and fresh weight, but not significantly different P>0.05 on leaf length, stem diameter and flag leaf length on the main plant. Genotype had no significant effect (P>0.05) on plant height, number of tillers, leaf length, leaf width and fresh weight of ratoons. It was concluded that the ability of ratoon in sorghum was not affected by the genotype of sorghum.

Canopy Cover Temperature & Drought Tolerance Indices in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes under Semi-arid Condition in Algeria

This experiment was carried out at Setif Agricultural Experimental Station in Algeria during 2017–2018 crop season using five cultivars (Triticum durum Desf.) to determine differences in the relationship between (CT and drought resistance indices values based on their difference in yielding under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions and sown in a random block design with three replications. Our study aim to determine differences in the relationship between CT and drought resistance indices values and grain yield GY under both conditions to evaluate the effect of canopy temperature in drought tolerance of durum wheat. Five durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes were studied based on their difference in yielding under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in conception of a random block design with three replications. The following measurements were applied: GY, CT canopy cover temperature depression CTD and seven drought tolerance indices (HM-SSI-GMP-STI-YSI-MP-TOL). ANOVA showed that genotype effect and irrigation regime effect were highly and significantly on CT and CTD under both stressed (s) and watered (i) conditions. The interaction Genotype×irrigation regime was significant for CT and CTD. PCA showed that CTDs was related with HM, GMP, STI, and MP in indication of drought tolerance, where CTDi was related with TOL and SSI in indication of drought sensitivity. A negative correlation showed between CT and CTD, higher values ​​of CT compared to environmental temperature implies negative values ​​of CTD which indicates drought sensitivity; on the other hand, CT values ​​lower than environmental temperature implies positive CTD values ​​indicating drought tolerance.

The effect of saga milk (Adenantera pavonina, L.) and yogurt starter culture concentration on process of yogurt

This study was aimed to obtain the formulation of saga milk (Adenanthera pavonina, L), with cow’s milk and yogurt starter culture concentration which is optimal in the manufacturing of yogurt-based saga milk. The analysis carried out periodically (0, 2, 4, 6 hrs after incubation time) was on the change of pH value, total acids concentration, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as well as the preference test of the product only on the finale product. The material used in this study were saga milk, cow’s milk and commercial yogurt starter culture consist of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus thermophilus. This experiment design was random block design, factorial pattern (3×3). Factor a is the concentration of starter culture consisting of three levels by 3% (a1), 4% (a2), 5% (a3), and formulation of saga milk compared to cow’s milk (b) with the ratio of 40:60 (b1), 50:50 (b2), 60:40 (b3), this experiment replicated three times. The result showed that with more cow’s milk and yogurt starter culture concentration, the pH of yogurt decreased, which was accompanied by increased acidity. Although LAB in products with a starter culture 3% and 4% were slightly lower than in products with 5% starter but not significant (p = 0.05). The addition of the starter culture increased the acceptance of panelists. The addition of saga milk, up to 60%, provides results that can still be accepted with the addition of coco-pandan syrup by panelists. The preferred saga yogurt has a white color like cow’s milk, with sufficient viscosity and an acceptable taste

Botanical and mineral composition of dominant wild forages for feeding of dairy goats in Payakumbuh Region

The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the diversity of forages that are usually consumed or fed to the dairy goats, (ii) to assess the mineral composition of dominant forages concerning the soil mineral status of growing areas. Eight dairy goat farms surveyed and collected forage samples to define the diversity and dominant forages used to feed the goat. Samples of three dominant forages (Asystasia gangetica, Axonopus compressus, and Panicum maximum) and soils were then collected in five different areas where the farmers usually derived the forages (banana plantation, idle lands, riverbanks, roadside, and rice field edge). Plant samples were collected by using a plate meter used for the calculation of botanical composition. Fresh samples were then chopped, dried, and then ground in meal form before analysis for dry matter (DM), and minerals of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S. The same minerals were analyzed for soil samples. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design of 5x3 consisting of 3 plant species and five growing areas as replications. Data were statistically analyzed using correlation and variance analysis in Random Block Design (RBD). Results showed of the total about 45 types of plants commonly consumed by goats, there were three dominant species, i.e., P. maximum (38.60%), A. gangetica (24.23%), and A. compressus (17.23%). The Ca content of forages highly correlated with the Ca in the soils, while magnesium in the forage was negatively correlated with the magnesium in the soil. It was concluded that the dominant forages were found a good source of Ca and Mg but deficient phosphorus.

Effect of silicon’s doses in the cultivation of pea (Pisum sativum L.), to obtain a higher yield, district of Barranca [Efecto de dosis de silicio en el cultivo de arveja (Pisum sativum L.), para obtener mayor rendimiento, distrito de Barranca]

The objective was to determine the adequate dose of silicon foliar fertilization, to obtain a higher yield in pea crops. Regarding the methodology, the research is applied and experimental; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design comprised of 4 blocks and 4 treatments was used, which were: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.50 L, T3 = 0.75 L and T4 = 1 L Silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L of water Applied in four times, it is worth mentioning the chemical ingredient of silicon is orthosilicic acid. The physical characteristics from sowing to harvest were evaluated and the silicon concentrations in leaves were analyzed by treatment. Obtained data were processed by analysis of variance and Duncan. The results determined that T4 stood out in plant height with 89.74 cm, number of pods per plant with 37, weight of pods per plant with 234.43 g, yield with 4444.4 kg/ha and silicon concentration in leaves with 1.75 g/100 g of dry material. It is concluded that there were no silicon effects; that is, it did not statistically influence the physical characteristics. However, T4 with 1 L Silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L of water increased 8.58% of the yield in relation to T1.

Biophenolic Profile Modulations in Olive Tissues as Affected by Manganese Nutrition

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that intervenes in several plant metabolic processes. The olive tree, and its fruits and leaves, are known as a source of nutraceuticals since they are rich in biophenols. However, there is still a serious lack of data about biophenolic distribution in olive stems and roots under Mn fertilisation. In this context, our study aimed to examine the effects of Mn fertilisation on the biophenolic profile in the leaves, stems, and roots of the ‘Istarska bjelica’ olive cultivar. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, during a period of five months, as a random block design consisting of three treatments with varying Mn concentrations in full-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution (0.2 µM Mn, 12 µM Mn, and 24 µM Mn). The obtained results indicate that the amount of Mn in the examined olive plant tissues was significantly higher under 12 µM Mn and 24 µM Mn treatments compared to that of the 0.2 µM Mn treatment. While the concentration of biophenols varied in roots depending on the compound in question, a strong positive impact of the increased Mn concentration in nutrient solution (12 µM Mn and 24 µM Mn) on the concentrations of the main biophenolic compounds was observed in stems. The concentration of oleuropein in leaves almost doubled at 24 µM Mn, with the highest Mn concentration, as compared to the 0.2 µM Mn treatment. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the supply of Mn could enhance the concentration of some biologically active compounds in olives grown hydroponically, implying a critical need for further investigation of Mn fertilisation practices in the conventional olive farming system.

Increasing selection gain and accuracy of harvest prediction models in Jatropha through genome-wide selection

Genome-wide selection (GWS) has been becoming an essential tool in the genetic breeding of long-life species, as it increases the gain per time unit. This study had a hypothesis that GWS is a tool that can decrease the breeding cycle in Jatropha. Our objective was to compare GWS with phenotypic selection in terms of accuracy and efficiency over three harvests. Models were developed throughout the harvests to evaluate their applicability in predicting genetic values in later harvests. For this purpose, 386 individuals of the breeding population obtained from crossings between 42 parents were evaluated. The population was evaluated in random block design, with six replicates over three harvests. The genetic effects of markers were predicted in the population using 811 SNP's markers with call rate = 95% and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 4%. GWS enables gains of 108 to 346% over the phenotypic selection, with a 50% reduction in the selection cycle. This technique has potential for the Jatropha breeding since it allows the accurate obtaining of GEBV and higher efficiency compared to the phenotypic selection by reducing the time necessary to complete the selection cycle. In order to apply GWS in the first harvests, a large number of individuals in the breeding population are needed. In the case of few individuals in the population, it is recommended to perform a larger number of harvests.

QUANTITY AND QUALITY YIELD OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM Mentha × piperita L. UNDER FOLIAR-APPLIED CHITOSAN AND INOCULA-TION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is cultivated for its benefits in pharmaceutical, medicinal, and cosmetic industries. The well-known essential oil of Mentha × piperita L. is widely produced and used all over the world. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impacts of different concentrations of chitosan on the quality and quantity of the essential oil from the aerial parts of peppermint under inoculation of the rhizomes of peppermint seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial design in a completed random block design. The highest essential oil yield (2.4 mL 100 g–1 dry matter) was obtained from the peppermint plants under foliar sprayed at 5 g L–1 chitosan along the inoculum with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. For evaluation of phytochemical characteristics, the contents of the main constituents of the peppermint essential oils such as menthol, menthone, etc. (oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpenes hydrocarbons) under different treatments were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Results indicated that using chitosan foliar meaningfully raised the amount of menthol, as the major constituent and quality index (>60% v/w), in the essential oil from the peppermint plants inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal, however, the plants under the foliar spray of chitosan (without inoculum) revealed the highest amounts of menthone and limonene. In conclusion, we found that the foliar-applied chitosan along inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be improved quantity and quality active substances of Mentha × piperita L. such as the contents of essential oil, menthol, and balance menthol/menthone.

Estimation of the Components of Residential Solid Waste in Baqubah City and their Generation Rate

Municipal solid waste is of variable, non-uniform inconsistent nature and the method by which the sample to acquire is decisive if the results are to be reliable. For data collection, an integrated methodological approach was introduced, including field investigation, questionnaire survey, and personal interviews, which were employed to estimate the rate of waste production and physical composition at the source of generation. Samples were collected from different socio-economic clusters (socio-income level). According to the results of the preliminary survey for 99% confidence interval and 10% standard error, the optimum sample size was 105 households, in Baqubah City in Diyala Governorate by implementation a completely random block design for sampling. Up to 105 units were sampled which were allocated to high, middle, and low-income socio-economic categories, yielding an average of 650 kg of waste collected daily for one week. It is concluded that Baqubah city has an average generation rate of 0.56 kg/ person/ day which is lower in the high-economic level zone in the city than in the other zones. Among the total waste generated in the city, 68% is food waste, 5.2% paper waste,7.4% plastic waste, 5.8% metal, 2.3% glass waste,3.1% textile waste, while the remaining percentages represent miscellaneous combustible and noncombustible materials.