scholarly journals The Critical Space Infrastructure and its Importance to Military Operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Marin-Marian Coman ◽  
Dorel Badea
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Critical Space ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Space System ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Space Operations ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Space Infrastructure ◽  
The Military

Abstract Actual scientific approaches related to critical infrastructure reveal its importance within many of the society’s essential services that are necessary for day-to-day people’s life. Besides other critical infrastructure systems, the emerging development of the space system results in the embedment of it within the critical space infrastructure concept that is based on its description related to the importance of the services provided to population, public or governing institutions, and industry. This paper intends to present the manner in which the space system services influence population’s life and to emphasize the importance of the space infrastructure related to the process of planning and conducting military operations. The reliability and well functioning of the space system from the perspective as a critical infrastructure proves its paramount importance related to essential services provided to the population that results into social well-being. Nowadays, the majority of military operations depend on the development of space infrastructure and its reliability. Moreover, the military space operations are based on satellite control system architectures as well as the interconnected systems on surface and underground systems. From this side, the protection of critical space infrastructure and its resilience level should have a paramount value for all stakeholders that are using the space system services.

scholarly journals 0189 Sleep Duration and Subjective Resilience to Sleep Loss Predict Functional Impairment in Elite Infantrymen During Military Training

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A74-A75
Author(s):  
C A Mickelson ◽  
J R Mantua ◽  
T M Burke ◽  
J Choynowski ◽  
A F Bessey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
The Military

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep during military operations is detrimental to cognition, physical performance, and general health outcomes. However, there is evidence of inter-individual differences in resilience to sleep loss. Therefore, some Soldiers may be more resilient to the effects of sleep loss than others. This study examined the relationship between sleep duration, resilience, and Soldier well-being during a deployment-readiness training event. Methods Seventy-six male Soldiers (aged 25.7±4.0y) from the 75th Ranger Regiment participated while undergoing a two-week training exercise. Surveys were administered at the completion of training and queried subjective measures of sleep duration during training, functional impairment (Walter Reed Functional Impairment Scale), and resilience to sleep loss (Iowa Resilience to Sleepiness Test; iREST). The independent relationships between sleep duration, resilience to sleep loss, and functional impairment were assessed using linear regressions. The interaction between sleep duration and resilience to sleep loss was assessed using SPSS Process (Model 1). Results Shorter sleep duration during training predicted higher functional impairment at the end of training (B=-.71, p=.001). Less resilience to sleep loss also predicted higher functional impairment (B=.07,p=.004). An interaction between sleep duration and resilience predicted Soldier impairment (R2 change: .06; F(1,68)=.17,p=.03). Individuals with both shorter sleep duration during training and less resilience had the highest functional impairment. Those with more sleep, and those with high resilience and less sleep, both had lower functional impairment. Conclusion This study suggests the iREST can be used as a quick, subjective screening tool to indicate who may be most vulnerable to the effects of sleep loss. Identifying individual resilience to sleep loss may be useful in the military context for prescribing sleep strategies before and during missions in order to enhance Soldier readiness and performance. Support Support for this study came from the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP) of the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC).

scholarly journals Emerging Technologies and National Security: The Impact of IoT in Critical Infrastructures Protection and Defence Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429
Author(s):  
Petrișor Pătraşcu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
National Security ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Defence Sector ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Today’s society is increasingly dependent on the facilities offered by new technologies. Thus, emerging technologies play a key role in people’s lives, as well as in the functionality and protection of infrastructures that ensure the availability of goods and essential services. Therefore, the exploitation of emerging technologies has become necessary even in the most sensitive sectors of activity, which have significant implications for ensuring national security. Artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, robots, drones, machine learning and many more are feasible solutions for the dynamics and optimization of the environment in which they are integrated. The defence sector has also implemented a number of new technologies, integrating state-of-the-art digital systems into the communications architecture that are necessary for carrying out the military operations in a modern battlefield. Although, emerging technologies have a certain degree of uncertainty, they have already been adopted, and today premises are moving towards further innovation and development of emerging technologies by manufacturers that have an increasing interest to integrate them in the key areas of activity. This article provides an analysis of the impact of Internet of Things technologies on national security, in terms of critical infrastructure protection and the defence sector.

The Perpetuation of Gender Norms and White Hegemonic Patriarchy in the South African Defence Force as Represented in André van der Merwe’s Moffie (2006)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Nolen Fortuin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Novel ◽  
White Family ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Masculinity ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
The Military

With the institution of compulsory military service in South Africa in 1948 the National Party government effected a tool well shaped for the construction of hegemonic masculinities. Through this, and other structures like schools and families, white children were shaped into submissive abiding citizens. Due to the brutal nature of a militarised society, gender roles become strictly defined and perpetuated. As such, white men’s time served on the border also “toughened” them up and shaped them into hegemonic copies of each other, ready to enforce patriarchal and racist ideologies. In this article, I look at how the novel Moffie by André Carl van der Merwe (2006) illustrates hegemonic white masculinity in South Africa and how it has long been strictly regulated to perpetuate the well-being of the white family as representative of the capitalist state. I discuss the novel by looking at the ways in which the narrator is marked by service in the military, which functions as a socialising agent, but as importantly by the looming threat of the application of the term “moffie” to himself, by self or others.  

scholarly journals Feasibility Study on the Development of a Deployable Tactical EMP Tent for a Sustainable Military Facility

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Kukjoo Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ryeung Min ◽  
Young-Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulses ◽  
Fixed Weight ◽  
Operational Readiness ◽  
The Military ◽  
Transaction Price ◽  
Delphi Analysis ◽  
Weight Structures

The Korean peninsula is under increasing threat of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) from neighboring countries; EMP protection facilities are an essential means of ensuring the operational readiness of the military. However, existing EMP protection facilities are manufactured as fixed-weight structures, which limit the mobility of military operations and lead to the misconception of EMP protection as something only required for higher command. The current military and official EMP protection standards require only a uniform shielding effectiveness of 80 dB. Therefore, this study aims to differentiate the existing uniform level of shielding effectiveness of 80 dB into 80 dB, 60 dB, 40 dB, etc. Further, it seeks to derive the factors to be considered when applying various methods, such as shielding rooms, shielding racks, site redundancy, spare equipment, and portable lightweight protective tents, for recovery of failure, instead of the existing protection facilities that rely on shielded rooms by the Delphi analysis. Then, the applicability of lightweight EMP protection is determined after selecting lightweight materials to build a facility. The electromagnetic shielding performance of 21 types of materials was measured in the 30 MHz–1.5 GHz frequency band using ASTM-D-4935-10. The results showed the possibility of developing a lightweight EMP shielding facility, which would save approximately 316,386 tons of concrete, reducing the CO2 emissions by approximately 9,972,489 tons. Assuming that the Korean carbon transaction price is USD 50/ton CO2, the savings are equivalent to USD 49,862,435.

Mental well-being interventions in the military: The ten key principles

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001740
Author(s):  
Erin G Lawrence ◽  
N Jones ◽  
N Greenberg ◽  
N T Fear ◽  
S Wessely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Mental Health Interventions ◽  
External Training ◽  
The Military ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Single Versus

Organisations including the United Kingdom Armed Forces should seek to implement mental health interventions to increase the psychological well-being of their workforce. This editorial briefly presents ten key principles that military forces should consider before implementing such interventions. These include job-focused training; evaluating interventions; the use of internal versus external training providers; the role of leaders; unit cohesion, single versus multiple session psychological interventions; not overgeneralising the applicability of interventions; the need for repeated skills practice; raising awareness and the fallibility of screening.

scholarly journals Simple method for identifying interdependencies in service delivery in critical infrastructure networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Schweikert ◽  
G. F. L’Her ◽  
M. R. Deinert
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Island State ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Critical Links

AbstractCritical infrastructure failures from natural hazard events affect the economic and social well-being of communities. This is particularly true in lower income countries, where infrastructure may be less resistant to natural hazards and disaster recovery is often limited by available resources. The interconnectivity of these systems can strongly affect the services they deliver, and the failure of one infrastructure system can result in cascade failures with wide-reaching consequences. Unfortunately, interconnectivity has been particularly difficult to measure. We present a method for identifying service-oriented interdependencies in interconnected networks. The approach uses well-established methods for network analysis and is demonstrated for healthcare services in the Commonwealth of Dominica, a small island state in the Caribbean. We show that critical links in road networks necessary for healthcare service delivery are important for more than just patient access to a facility, but also on the supply chains that enable the hospitals to function (e.g., water, fuel, medicine). Once identified, the critical links can be overlaid with known hazard vulnerabilities to identify the infrastructure segments of highest priority, based on the risk and consequences of failure. An advantage of the approach presented is that it requires relatively little input data when compared to many network prioritization models and can be run using open-source geospatial data such as OpenStreetMap. The method can be expanded beyond road networks to assess the service-oriented criticality of any infrastructure network.

scholarly journals Can Local Policies Reduce the Gap between ‘Centers’ and ‘Inner Areas’? The Case of Italian Municipalities’ Expenditure

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Romagnoli ◽  
Luigi Mastronardi
Keyword(s):  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
First Time ◽  
Significant Distance

This study analyzes the links between Italian inner area municipalities’ expenditure and per capita incomes, considered as a proxy of well-being. Inner areas are territorial contexts characterized by a significant distance from the centers, the main supply poles of essential services. Following a top-down approach, the paper at first demonstrates the existence of a global convergence process in per capita incomes, with a faster rate of convergence in inner areas with respect to centers; then, attention is focused on local administrations’ policies and their impact on incomes in Italian inner areas. The paper gives a twofold contribution to the debate about the implementation of territorial cohesion policies: (a) on one side, public expenditure data are considered for the first time in an econometric model regarding Italian inner areas; (b) on the other side, the reference territorial subdivision is the lowest possible, giving the opportunity to investigate the changes in well-being at the finest scale.

scholarly journals Art. XX. An Account of the Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds of Goomsur and Boad

1843 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 172-199
Author(s):  
Samuel Charters Maopherson
Keyword(s):  
General Interest ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
The Military

[Note. Several years ago, at the close of the military operations of the Madras Government in Goomsur, Captain (then Lieutenant) Macpherson executed by order of government a survey of the country, and in that service lost his health. From the Cape of Good Hope, whither he had gone for its recovery, he transmitted his notes on the religion of the Khonds to a relative in this country, who considered them to possess so much novelty and general interest, that he presented them to the Society, upon his own responsibility, and without the sanction of the writer: and a few additions having been since made, the paper is now laid before the public.]

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