scholarly journals How to Assess Policy Impact in National Energy and Climate Plans

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-421
Author(s):  
Lauma Balode ◽  
Kristiāna Dolge ◽  
Peter D. Lund ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Energy And Climate Policy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract It is the responsibility of each member state of the European Union, to prepare a national energy and climate plan and set achievable climate targets and meaningful measures and policies to achieve the targets set. Annex 4 of the Latvian National Energy and Climate Plan for 2030 (hereinafter – NECP) provides an overview of policies and measures to achieve the climate targets. The NECP does not provide information on the impact of the policies or which measures are more important and which are less crucial Similarly, the measures in Annex 4 of the NECP were not determined by industry experts but by ministry officials, therefore, it is not clear whether the proposed measures will achieve the set climate targets, a point also made by European Commission in its evaluation report on NECP. The aim of the study is to develop a tool for the early assessment of the impact of energy and climate policy measures. The study developed a methodology to pre-assess the impacts of the policies identified in the NECP, impacts were described by measures effectiveness and stage of development. With this methodology, it is possible to assess the impact of energy policies using indicators to characterize the effectiveness of the policy and the level of development. The study confirmed that both the multi-criteria analysis and composite index method can be used as methods. The results showed that high impact measures were related to the promotion of energy efficiency in buildings, but low impact measures were comprehensive horizontal measures such as measures related principle ‘energy efficiency first’ and review of energy efficiency obligation schemes. The indicators with the highest impact on sustainability rate were possible side effects and transparency of policies.

scholarly journals Technological Innovation in the Aspect of Safety in the Process of Heat Supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wrzalik ◽  
Matevž Obrecht
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent years heating in Poland has been transformed as a result of the priorities of the country's energy policy implemented within the European Union. The increase in energy security, the development of renewable energy sources and the fulfilment of legal and environmental requirements are very important. Exploitation of district heating systems should ensure reliable and safe heat supplies for industrial and municipal customers with high energy efficiency and reduction of environmental impact. The article discusses the conditions and directions of centralized heating systems development as well as technical and economic issues, which are important for the security of heat supply. The Author describes selected technological innovations used in the technical infrastructure for heat transfer and modern IT systems which are improving the management of heating systems. The article includes the results of simulation research with use of IT tools showing the impact of selected innovations on the improvement of network operation conditions. Directions of modernization of heating systems in the aspect of increasing energy efficiency and security of heat supply have also been indicted here.

scholarly journals Environmental Payback of Renovation Strategies in a Northern Climate—the Impact of Nuclear Power and Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Supply

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ramírez-Villegas ◽  
Ola Eriksson ◽  
Thomas Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to assess how the use of fossil and nuclear power in different renovation scenarios affects the environmental impacts of a multi-family dwelling in Sweden, and how changes in the electricity production with different energy carriers affect the environmental impact. In line with the Paris Agreement, the European Union has set an agenda to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of energy efficiency in buildings. It is estimated that by the year 2050, 80% of Europe’s population will be living in buildings that already exist. This means it is important for the European Union to renovate buildings to improve energy efficiency. In this study, eight renovation scenarios, using six different Northern European electricity mixes, were analyzed using the standard of the European Committee for Standardization for life cycle assessment of buildings. This study covers all life cycle steps from cradle to grave. The renovation scenarios include combinations of photovoltaics, geothermal heat pumps, heat recovery ventilation, and improvement of the building envelope. The results show that while in some electricity mixes a reduction in the global warming potential can be achieved, it can be at the expense of an increase in radioactive waste production, and, in mixes with a high share of fossil fuels, the global warming potential of the scenarios increases with time, compared with that of the original building. It also shows that in most electricity mixes, scenarios that reduce the active heat demand of the building end up in reducing both the global warming potential and radioactive waste, making them less sensitive to changes in the energy system.

scholarly journals Latvia’s Energy Efficiency Policy for the Manufacturing Industry in the Green Deal Transition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristaps Ločmelis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policy ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Audit Data ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Climate Neutrality ◽  
The Impact

By 2030, the European Union (EU) must ensure a 32.5 % reduction in energy consumption compared to the 2007 baseline scenario projection. In Latvia in the period from 2021 to 2030 the cumulative energy efficiency savings of at least 73.7 PJ or 20.5 TWh are expected to be achieved, with the largest share of energy savings coming from the manufacturing sector. On December 11, 2019 the European Commission (EC) set out even more ambitious EU climate targets by publishing the European Green Deal, aiming at EU climate neutrality by 2050, which is not possible without the immediate and significant involvement of industry, while recognizing potential competitiveness risks with global players from countries and regions, where the level of ambition of climate targets lags behind the EU. Significantly, the European Green Deal does not offer to address the risks of industrial competitiveness through subsidies or tax rebates, but emphasizes the importance of energy efficiency policies in energy-intensive industries as one, if not the only, sustainable solution for maintaining global competitiveness. The aim of the study is to analyse Latvia’s energy efficiency and energy policy in relation to manufacturing industries, assessing the impact of existing policies on energy efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the transition to climate neutrality defined in the European Green Deal, and provide recommendations for future policy instruments. The analysis includes a comparison of Latvia’s industrial energy intensity with other EU countries, as well as an assessment of the technical potential of energy efficiency in key Latvian manufacturing industries using industrial energy audit data and statistical data processing methods and benchmarking them with results of similar policy studies, assessing the potential for undiscovered energy efficiency and CO2 emission reduction potential in leading industries in Latvia. The dissertation is designed as a set of publications, which combines parts of scientific publications written during doctoral studies. The introduction reflects the aims and objectives of the study, as well as a brief description of its scientific and practical significance. The first chapter examines the existing energy efficiency policy, its goals and literature review of similar policies. The second chapter provides an analysis of Latvia’s industrial sectors, their energy intensity and CO2 emission intensity. The third chapter examines the impact of support policy for energy-intensive industrial enterprises on energy efficiency measures using system dynamics modelling, as well as quantifies these support measures. In the fourth chapter, a comparative analysis of industrial energy audit data in leading industries and an assessment of the undiscovered potential of energy efficiency is performed. In the fifth chapter, the analysis of Latvia’s energy efficiency targets for industry is performed, taking into account the historical and target data of industrial energy intensity and interpreting the necessary trajectory in the context of the European Green Deal. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future policy instruments are provided.

scholarly journals Energy Losses Due to Imperfect Payment Infrastructure and Payment Instruments

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8213
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Melnychenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Customers

One of the strategic objectives of the European Union is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improvement of energy efficiency by at least 32.5% in different areas of the economy by 2030. However, little is known about the impact of payment in retail on energy consumption. The purpose of this paper is to assess the chain of losses of time and energy, and therefore financial losses, that occur due to the imperfection of payment infrastructure and instruments using data of cashiers’ working time. The research is based on a regression analysis method, where the energy cost per payment transaction is considered in this study as a function of the number of customers per hour and the energy cost. The results of the panel models highlight that the number of customers per hour has a negative impact on the cost of energy per payment transaction. Furthermore, modern means and methods of payment, including cryptocurrencies, do not solve the problem of the excessive time that it takes to service payments, which entails a waste of energy and money. The empirical results give valuable insights into how to best organise payment in retail to achieve lower energy costs and improve energy efficiency in payment infrastructure.

scholarly journals Economic-Engineering Modelling of the Buildings Sector to Study the Transition towards Deep Decarbonisation in the EU

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fotiou ◽  
Vita ◽  
Capros
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents a newly developed economic-engineering model of the buildings sector and its implementation for all the European Union (EU) Member States (MS), designed to study in detail ambitious energy efficiency strategies and policies, in the context of deep decarbonisation in the long term. The model has been used to support the impact assessment study that accompanied the European Commission’s communication “A Clear Planet for All”, in November 2018. The model covers all EU countries with a fine resolution of building types, and represents agent decision-making in a complex and dynamic economic-engineering mathematical framework. Emphasis is given to behaviours driving the energy renovation of buildings and the ensuing choice of equipment for heating and cooling. The model represents several market and non-market policies that can influence energy decisions in buildings and promote deep energy renovation. Moreover, the paper presents key applications for supporting policies targeting ambitious reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings across Europe. The results illustrate that the achievement of ambitious energy-efficiency targets in the long-term heavily depends on pursuing a fast and extensive renovation of existing buildings, at annual rates between 1.21% and 1.77% for the residential sector and between 0.92% to 1.35% for the services sector. In both cases, the renovation rates are far higher past trends. Strong policies aimed at removing non-market barriers are deemed necessary. Electrification constitutes a reasonable choice for deeply renovated buildings and, as a result, almost 50% of households chooses electric heating over gas heating in the long term. However, heat pumps need to exploit further their learning potential to be economical and implementable for the various climatic conditions in Europe. The results also show that the cost impacts are modest even if renovation and decarbonisation in buildings develop ambitiously in the EU. The reduced energy bills due to energy savings can almost offset the increasing capital expenditures. Fundraising difficulties and the cost of capital are, however, of concern.

Energy security and implementation of renewable energy in the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Magdalena Tkaczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

In the light of the deepening climate crisis and global challenges, the issue of energy security is discussed more broadly. The growing fears of the European Union characterised as a region that is highly dependent on energy import from non-EU countries, lead to the modernisation of the European energy sector. The EU is actively promoting the implementation of renewable energy and investments in a sustainable economyto ensure energy security. In this essay, the author analyses a research on the impact of renewable energy efficiency on the gradual reduction of dependence on energy supplies, that was carried out by Turkish scientists, F. Gökgöz and M.T. Güvercin, in 2018. In order to obtain a comprehensive perspective on this issue, the author confronts this publication with other scientific articles in the field of EU energy security.

scholarly journals Proces kształtowania celów polityki energetyczno-klimatycznej Unii Europejskiej do 2030 roku. Konsekwencje dla Polski

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 159-176
Author(s):  
Marcin Koczan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Energy And Climate Policy ◽  
The Impact

The process of creation the goals of the European Union’s energy and climate policy until 2030. Consequences for Poland This study analyses the first energy and climate package adopted in 2008 (the so-called „20-20-20” package), setting goals for the European Union and the member states by 2020. Then describes the process of shaping the goals of the energy and climate policy of the European Union until 2030. The author focuses on the aspects that affect the electricity sector in Poland, boost renewable energy usage, re‑form the European energy market and reducing CO2 emissions. The text ends with conclusions and recommendations regarding the impact of the European Union’s energy and climate policy on the electricity sector in Poland.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5197
Author(s):  
Anna Misztal ◽  
Magdalena Kowalska ◽  
Anita Fajczak-Kowalska ◽  
Otakar Strunecky
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Stabilization ◽  
The Impact

Decarbonization is an activity aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and global warming. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization is the basis for ecological action. The question is whether macroeconomic stabilization helps companies, institutions and countries act for decarbonization. This article presents research on the impact of components of macroeconomic stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency in the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the European Union from 1990 to 2020. We focus on the following countries, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. The contribution to knowledge is using the pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization to assess macroeconomic stabilization’s impact on decarbonization and energy efficiency. According to the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method, there is a statistically significant impact of components of macroeconomics stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency. Moreover, our models show a different strength and direction of relationships between the explained and explanatory variables. Research results confirm the necessity to coordinate the macroeconomic with environmental policy. We think that it is essential to use effective tools of economic support (European Union Emissions Trading System, environmental taxes) and greater pressure from European Union institutions on countries that emit harmful substances.

scholarly journals Analysis of the EU Residential Energy Consumption: Trends and Determinants

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Tsemekidi Tzeiranaki ◽  
Paolo Bertoldi ◽  
Francesca Diluiso ◽  
Luca Castellazzi ◽  
Marina Economidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Residential Energy Consumption ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This article analyses the status and trends of the European Union (EU) residential energy consumption in light of the energy consumption targets set by the EU 2020 and 2030 energy and climate strategies. It assesses the energy efficiency progress from 2000 to 2016, using the official Eurostat data. In 2016, the residential energy consumption amounted to 25.71% of the EU’s final energy consumption, representing the second largest consuming sector after transport. Consumption-related data are discussed together with data on some main energy efficiency policies and energy consumption determinants, such as economic and population growth, weather conditions, and household and building characteristics. Indicators are identified to show the impact of specific determinants on energy consumption and a new indicator is proposed, drawing a closer link between energy trends and policy and technological changes in the sector. The analysis of these determinants highlights the complex dynamics behind the demand of energy in the residential sector. Decomposition analysis is carried out using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index technique to provide a more complete picture of the impact of various determinants (population, wealth, intensity, and weather) on the latest EU-28 residential energy consumption trends. The article provides a better understanding of the EU residential energy consumption, its drivers, the impact of current policies, and recommendations on future policies.

Energy Efficiency Policies in Some of the European Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 100-131
Author(s):  
Savaş Çevik ◽  
M. Mustafa Erdoğdu ◽  
Fatma Turna
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policies ◽  
The Impact

This chapter deals with the instruments and policies to achieve energy efficiency in some of the European Union (EU) member states. The main aim of the study is to search for any efficient combination of policy instruments in the EU. The analysis is based on a unique database, derived out of the MURE project, related to energy efficiency policy measures in 28 EU countries and Norway. The study first describes and evaluates the main purposes and instruments of energy efficiency policies. Then, it classifies the measures applied to promote energy efficiency in sample countries by sectors and examines the impact level of different policy packages on energy efficiency.

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